The Telegraph Error at the Battle of Bull Run (1861)

 

Miscommunication led to a Confederate victory.

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Battle of Bull Run painting

The First Battle of Bull Run, also known as the Battle of Manassas, was a pivotal moment in the American Civil War. Fought on July 21, 1861, it was a rude awakening for the Union Army, who initially believed the conflict would be a quick victory.

A key factor in the Confederate victory was a misinterpreted telegraph message. Union Brigadier General Irvin McDowell sent a message to Union Major General Irvin McDowell stating his intention to attack the Confederate forces "having determined to do so." However, the message was received by a reporter covering the battle who misinterpreted "having determined to do so" as "having been determined to do so" – implying a Confederate victory.

This misinformation spread quickly, leading Union reinforcements to be delayed and ultimately contributing to the Confederate success. The Battle of Bull Run shattered the North's initial optimism about the war and forced them to recognize the Confederacy as a serious opponent.