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Pocahontas Times Frost

 

Everywhere you look in Pocahontas County, there are remnants of the past – reminders of those who settled here and founded all the small towns that make up this large county.

For the small town of Frost, one of those remnants is the schoolhouse on Rt. 92. In use by 1892, with a new addition in 1912, the school closed in 1963. Once it closed, the school was used as a hay barn and nature slowly took over the building. 

Large trees grew between building and the road, hiding most of it from view and, in addition to that, poison ivy took up residence in abundance.

It seemed as though the building would slowly crumble into itself and we would lose one more landmark of a bygone era. That is until the Benson family came along.

William and Sarah Benson, and their son, Jolly, all from Key West, Florida, fell in love with the old school building, so they bought it – and the farmhouse beside it – with plans to restore both.

William and Jolly are electrical contractors and have done several restoration projects in Key West, but the family had their sights set on something more when they came across Frost.

“My uncle has a cabin over in Mingo, and I’ve been coming here for about twenty years,” Jolly said. “I was always looking for something – and then this popped up.

“We were looking at a house in Marlinton to buy as a project,” Sarah said.

Oddly enough, Jolly found the school online around the same time his parents found it in person.

“There were two days that I was looking at this, and I didn’t want to tell [them] about it because it was a bigger project than we were initially looking for,” Jolly said. “They were in the area and they said, ‘we found this other thing,’ and I said, ‘Funny on that, let’s go for it,’ and here we are.”

Last fall the family closed on the property and work began immediately. Ron’s Tree Service took care of the large trees in front of the school and the Bensons hacked away at the poison ivy.

“Eight dumpsters full of poison ivy,” Jolly said, to be exact.

With the help of friends and Red Point Construction, owned and operated by Caleb Pugh, work began on the schoolhouse.

The original one room school had a larger addition which many of the locals who attended the school call the gymnasium. In the original section, the outer wall is lined with windows. Three of the windows were originally on the opposite wall until the second room was added to the building.

The room still has its coal stove and tin ceiling, although they have both seen better days. Both will be restored, with the ceiling getting patched with white metal.

“We’re going to tack this back up, obviously, where it’s falling down,” Jolly said. “Stabilize it from behind and in the curves – it’s just going to be white metal – plain white metal and I’ll sort of tack it back in with epoxy and then gloss it with clear coat.

“The idea is to not paint it, to just let it be itself,” he added.

The second room – or the gymnasium – has two walls of windows providing natural light for the large empty space. The window frames and doors are all being stripped and repainted before returning to their rightful places.

Along with restoring the schoolhouse, the family is making a few adjustments to modernize the building, including a full bathroom.

For the exterior, the Bensons are taking cues from Pugh, who has worked on restoration projects in the county in the past. He is currently working on the Frost school’s bell tower, replacing shakes and two of the four finials stationed at the corners of the tower.

The Bensons are enjoying the restoration process, although they do admit it is a bigger project than they originally anticipated. Regardless, they are excited to see the building come back to life and are open to the possibilities of its use in the future.

“Right now, the plan is just get it fixed up,” Jolly said. “People in the community are always saying, ‘you should do this or that,’ so we’re open to suggestions for right now. We’re going to fix this up and then the farmhouse. Right now it’s just a project to get it somewhat habitable. We’re not really worried about what we’re going to do with it in five to ten years.”

“Eventually, the plan is to live in the farmhouse,” Sarah added. “And then have this building for whatever purpose Jolly wants to do with it.”

The Bensons have enjoyed hearing not only suggestions from the community but stories from the past. Several Frost residents have shared childhood stories from when they attended the school and played basketball in the “gymnasium.”

They are interested in hearing more about the school and its history, and invite the community to share their stories with them. The Bensons may be contacted at 304-799-2616 or by email at sarah.benson@ mac.com

Spruce

 What is the history behind the abandonment of Spruce, West Virginia

Spruce, West Virginia, was a logging town established in 1902 along Shavers Fork of Cheat River in Pocahontas County. Its history and eventual abandonment are closely tied to the boom and bust of the timber industry in the region[1][4].

The town was founded to support the logging operations of the West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company (later known as Westvaco). In 1904, the company built a pulp mill near the original settlement, which led to the creation of a new community also named Spruce. The original settlement was then renamed "Old Spruce"[4].

During its peak, Spruce held the distinction of being the highest and coldest town in the eastern United States, situated high in the mountains of Pocahontas County[1]. The town was served by the Greenbrier and Elk Railroad, which was crucial for transporting timber and workers[4].

However, the town's prosperity was short-lived. In 1925, the pulp mill in Spruce closed, and its equipment was relocated to the company's paper mill in Luke, Maryland[4]. This closure marked the beginning of Spruce's decline, as the primary source of employment disappeared.

As the timber resources in the area were depleted, the logging industry became unsustainable. The West Virginia Pulp & Paper Company eventually abandoned the town[2]. The final blow came when the Western Maryland Railway, which had taken over operations in the area, decided to wipe Spruce from the map by burning down every remaining structure, leaving only concrete remains[3].

Today, Spruce exists as a ruined ghost town, with only remnants of its past remaining in a remote mountain meadow, serving as a testament to the boom-and-bust cycle of resource-dependent communities in West Virginia[1].

Citations:
[1] Spruce Is An Abandoned Town In West Virginia - OnlyInYourState https://www.onlyinyourstate.com/west-virginia/spruce-ghost-town-wv/
[2] Spruce: - Ghost Town http://shaversforkcoalition.org/Voices/voices-chapter4.htm
[3] How to get to Spruce, West Virginia's ruined ghost town - WBOY.com https://www.wboy.com/only-on-wboy-com/how-to-get-to-spruce-west-virginias-ruined-ghost-town/
[4] Spruce, West Virginia - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spruce,_West_Virginia
[5] Secluded Ghost Town in the Mountains | Spruce, West Virginia https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z_9T_Ea5T7I
Are there any notable landmarks or features left in Spruce

Notable landmarks and features left in Spruce, West Virginia, include:

- **Concrete Endwalls of the Mill Powerhouse**: These are among the most prominent remnants.
- **Foundations of the Endless Chain Conveyor**: Visible near the mill site.
- **Concrete and Timber-lined Spillway of the Millpond**: Located at the base of the hill.
- **Building Foundations**: Various foundations from the old mill and other structures are still visible.
- **Archaeological Significance**: Parts of Spruce have been excavated, revealing more about its history[1][3][5].

Citations:
[1] Spruce: - Ghost Town http://shaversforkcoalition.org/Voices/voices-chapter4.htm
[2] MICHIGAN GHOST TOWN: The Old Lumber Town of Spruce, Alcona ... https://99wfmk.com/sprucemichigan/
[3] Spruce Is An Abandoned Town In West Virginia - OnlyInYourState https://www.onlyinyourstate.com/west-virginia/spruce-ghost-town-wv/
[4] Secluded Ghost Town in the Mountains | Spruce, West Virginia https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z_9T_Ea5T7I
[5] The town of Spruce https://www.msrlha.org/spruce/

Colonel John McNeel

 Colonel John McNeel was one of the earliest pioneers and the first actual settler on the Little Levels area of Pocahontas County, arriving around 1765

Colonel John McNeel was indeed one of the earliest pioneers and the first actual settler on the Little Levels area of Pocahontas County, West Virginia. He arrived in the area around 1765, making him a significant figure in the early settlement of the region[2].

Born near Winchester, Virginia, McNeel had initially settled in the Cumberland Valley, Maryland. After a physical altercation with another man, which he believed had resulted in the man's death, McNeel fled into the wilderness. His wanderings through the Allegheny Mountains eventually led him to discover the area known as the Little Levels[2].

Attracted by the beauty of this small valley surrounded by mountain ranges, McNeel decided to make it his home and built a cabin there around 1765[2][3]. He was about 20 years old at the time of his arrival in the area that would later become Pocahontas County[3].

McNeel's status as the first settler was soon followed by others. He encountered Charles and James Kennison, who were also searching for a place to settle. From them, McNeel learned that the man he thought he had killed had actually survived, allowing him to return east to prepare for a more permanent settlement in the Little Levels[2].

Citations:
[1] Pocahontas County Bicentennial ~ 1821-2021 https://pocahontastimes.com/pocahontas-county-bicentennial-1821-2021-59/
[2] Pocahontas County,West Virginia Genealogy Trails History of ... http://genealogytrails.com/wva/pocahontas/history.htm
[3] John McNeel Jr. (1745-1825) - Mémorial Find a Grave https://fr-ca.findagrave.com/memorial/27528171/john-mcneel
[4] John Abraham MCNEEL b. 11 Nov 1860 Pocahontas ... - Kith 'n Kin https://www.riverwye.us/getperson.php?personID=I17434&sitever=mobile&tree=Watkins
[5] Three generations make the Workman Farms work https://pocahontastimes.com/three-generations-make-the-workman-farms-work/
What was John McNeel's relationship with the Workman family

Based on the search results, there is no direct mention of John McNeel's personal relationship with the Workman family. However, we can infer some connections between the McNeel and Workman families:

1. The McNeely (likely a variant spelling of McNeel) and Workman families were intermarried in later generations. For example:

- Elizabeth McNeely married Joseph Workman[1].
- Cynthia Emcrine McNeely married James M. Workman, son of Abraham and Mary (Ballard) Workman[1].

2. Both the McNeel and Workman families were prominent in the early settlement of West Virginia, particularly in areas like Pocahontas County[3].

3. The families seem to have lived in close proximity and were part of the same pioneer communities in southern West Virginia[1][3].

While these connections exist between the families, there's no specific information about John McNeel's direct relationship with the Workman family. The intermarriages and shared history in the region suggest that the families were likely acquainted and possibly had social or business relationships, but the exact nature of John McNeel's interactions with the Workmans is not specified in the provided search results.

Citations:
[1] [PDF] THE McNEELY FAMILIES OF SOUTHERN WEST VIRGINIA https://occgs.com/projects/rescue/compiled/Agnus%20Pearlman%20Research/McNeely%20Families%20of%20West%20Virginia%20related%20to%20the%20Workman%20Family.pdf
[2] Full text of "Workman family history" - Internet Archive https://archive.org/stream/workmanfamilyhis00ande/workmanfamilyhis00ande_djvu.txt
[3] Three generations make the Workman Farms work https://pocahontastimes.com/three-generations-make-the-workman-farms-work/
[4] John Stewart Workman (abt.1824-abt.1853) - WikiTree https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Workman-2610
[5] [PDF] The McNeel Family Record - Seeking my Roots https://www.seekingmyroots.com/members/files/G004750.pdf
Were there any notable conflicts between John McNeel and the Workman family

There are no records of notable conflicts between John McNeel and the Workman family. In fact, the search results suggest a positive relationship between the families. For example, Nora McNeel married Lawrence "Skeeter" Workman, indicating a familial bond between the McNeel and Workman families[1]. This marriage and the subsequent generations working together on the Workman Farms highlight a cooperative and harmonious relationship rather than any significant conflicts.

Citations:
[1] Three generations make the Workman Farms work https://pocahontastimes.com/three-generations-make-the-workman-farms-work/
[2] The McNeel family record: descendants of pioneer John McNeel... https://libcat.familysearch.org/GroupedWork/c145a5e5-cecd-ddce-ef86-fd8d934e715f-eng
[3] [PDF] THE McNEELY FAMILIES OF SOUTHERN WEST VIRGINIA https://occgs.com/projects/rescue/compiled/Agnus%20Pearlman%20Research/McNeely%20Families%20of%20West%20Virginia%20related%20to%20the%20Workman%20Family.pdf
[4] John Stewart Workman (abt.1824-abt.1853) - WikiTree https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Workman-2610
[5] [PDF] The McNeel Family Record - Seeking my Roots https://www.seekingmyroots.com/members/files/G004750.pdf

Driftwood

 What is the history behind the Driftwood poems and reflections

The concept of "driftwood" as a poetic theme and metaphor has a rich history in American poetry. Some key points about the history and significance of driftwood poems and reflections include:

1. 19th century poets like John Greenleaf Whittier used driftwood imagery to contemplate life and the sea. Whittier wrote about burning driftwood fires and the feelings of renewal they inspired[1].

2. Driftwood served as a powerful symbol for poets, representing things cast adrift, worn by time and nature, but finding new purpose. This metaphor resonated with themes of journey, transformation, and resilience[2].

3. In the early 20th century, poet Olivia Ward Bush-Banks published a collection titled "Driftwood" in 1914. She used driftwood as a central metaphor, comparing her verses to "bits of driftwood cast up by the landward-surging and receding waters of adversity and prosperity"[3].

4. Bush-Banks' "Driftwood" collection included sections like "The Tide Surges," "Lights Along-Shore," and "Dreams by the Driftwood Fire," further developing the nautical and coastal imagery associated with driftwood poetry[3].

5. The theme has continued to inspire poets through the 20th and 21st centuries, with various collections and individual poems exploring driftwood as a rich source of imagery and metaphor[4][5].

This poetic tradition reflects a longstanding fascination with the sea, natural processes of change, and the discovery of beauty and meaning in humble, weathered objects.

Citations:
[1] Driftwood and Sou'westers: Poets and the Sea https://www.beachcombingmagazine.com/blogs/news/driftwood-and-sou-westers-poets-and-the-sea
[2] 'Driftwood' poems - Hello Poetry https://hellopoetry.com/words/driftwood/
[3] Olivia Ward Bush-Banks, "Driftwood" (Full Text) (1914) https://scalar.lehigh.edu/african-american-poetry-a-digital-anthology/olivia-ward-bush-banks-driftwood-full-text-1914
[4] Driftwood poetry: Latshaw, Ross - Amazon.com https://www.amazon.com/Driftwood-poetry-Ross-Latshaw/dp/0917722035
[5] The Driftwood Shrine: Discovering Zen in American Poetry https://sumeru-books.com/products/the-driftwood-shrine-discovering-zen-in-american-poetry

Minnehaha Springs

Minnehaha springs history

Minnehaha Springs is a small village in West Virginia with a rich history dating back to the early 19th century. The community is located where Douthard's Creek meets Knapp's Creek, near the base of the Allegheny Mountain, at an elevation of about 2,500 feet[1].

The area was known for its timber and game, with early settlers arriving in the early 1800s. Notable early residents included Michael Daugherty, Lanty Lockridge, Michael Cleek, and Henry Harper, Sr., who owned large tracts of land[1].

Education played a significant role in the community's development. The first school at Minnehaha Springs, then called Driscol, was taught in a dwelling near the warm spring between 1880 and 1885. Over time, several school buildings were constructed to serve the growing population[1].

The village's name has an interesting origin. It was named after Minnehaha, a fictional Native American princess created by Wordsworth in his poem about Hiawatha[2]. In 1912, the Minnehaha Springs Improvement Company was formed, and a public bathing pool was opened. A post office with the name Minnehaha Springs was also established around this time[3].

By the early 20th century, Minnehaha Springs had developed into a small but thriving community with residences, a post office, stores, churches, a hotel, and a bath-house. The village also boasted the summer home of Colonel H. R. Wylie, which was formerly the Allegheny Club[1].

Citations:
[1] History 0f Minnehaha Springs Community https://archive.wvculture.org/history/agrext/minneha.html
[2] Minnehaha Springs, West Virginia Was Named After A Princess https://www.onlyinyourstate.com/west-virginia/charming-small-town-name-origins-wv/
[3] Minnehaha Springs - e-WV https://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/1999
[4] Spring Ruins Tour, stop two! (Minnehaha Springs, WV): rural_ruin https://rural-ruin.livejournal.com/172919.html
[5] Minnehaha Health Spa and Resort - Spokane Historical https://spokanehistorical.org/items/show/139
 

  H

Senex articles published by John Echols

 What were the "Senex" articles published by John Echols

The "Senex" articles published by John Echols were part of the Committee of Nine's efforts to restore Virginia to the Union and regain political rights for former Confederates. Here are the key points about these articles:

1. The "Senex" article was written by Alexander H. H. Stuart, the chairman of the Committee of Nine, in Echols' absence and without his knowledge[1].

2. Echols, along with F. G. Ruffin and James D. Johnston, was part of a smaller committee of three appointed by Stuart to help disseminate these articles[1].

3. The purpose of the "Senex" articles was likely to promote the Committee of Nine's goals, which included securing separate votes on Virginia's new state constitution and the provision that continued to disenfranchise former Confederates.

4. Echols met with various newspapers to publish the "Senex" articles, though many initially refused to do so[2].

5. After Echols and Sutherlin visited the Richmond Whig, editor Alexander Mosely agreed to publish the articles[2].

The "Senex" articles were an important part of the Committee of Nine's strategy to influence public opinion and political decision-making in favor of Virginia's readmission to the Union and the restoration of political rights to former Confederates.

Citations:
[1] General Collections copy 1 | Library of Congress https://www.loc.gov/resource/lhbcb.23624/?sp=2&st=list
[2] Committee of Nine Facts for Kids - Kids encyclopedia facts - Kiddle https://kids.kiddle.co/Committee_of_Nine
[3] [PDF] Southeast Asia Publications from the John M. Echols Collection on ... https://assets.cengage.com/gale/psm/9026000C.pdf
[4] ‪John Echols‬ - ‪Google Scholar‬ https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=I1FrHfEAAAAJ
[5] John Echols - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Echols
Why did many newspapers refuse to publish the "Senex" articles

Based on the limited information provided in the search results, we don't have a specific reason why many newspapers refused to publish the "Senex" articles. The search results only mention that:

1. General Echols met with various newspapers to publish the "Senex" articles.

2. Many newspapers refused to publish them, including the Richmond Dispatch and Richmond Enquirer[1].

Without more context, we can only speculate about the reasons for their refusal. It's possible that the content of the articles was controversial, or that the newspapers disagreed with the Committee of Nine's goals. However, without additional information, we cannot definitively state why these newspapers declined to publish the articles.

Citations:
[1] Committee of Nine Facts for Kids - Kids encyclopedia facts - Kiddle https://kids.kiddle.co/Committee_of_Nine
[2] Codified Law 17-2 | South Dakota Legislature https://sdlegislature.gov/Statutes/17-2
[3] General Collections copy 1 | Library of Congress https://www.loc.gov/resource/lhbcb.23624/?sp=2&st=list
[4] Why We Are Launching On The Record | Ohio Senate https://ohiosenate.gov/news/on-the-record/why-we-are-launching-on-the-record
[5] Decline of newspapers - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_of_newspapers
Why did many newspapers refuse to publish the "Senex" articles

Based on the limited information provided in the search results, we don't have a specific reason why many newspapers refused to publish the "Senex" articles. The search results only mention that:

1. General Echols met with various newspapers to publish the "Senex" articles.

2. Many newspapers refused to publish them, including the Richmond Dispatch and Richmond Enquirer[1].

Without more context, we can only speculate about the reasons for their refusal. It's possible that the content of the articles was controversial, or that the newspapers disagreed with the Committee of Nine's goals. However, without additional information, we cannot definitively state why these newspapers declined to publish the articles.

Citations:
[1] Committee of Nine Facts for Kids - Kids encyclopedia facts - Kiddle https://kids.kiddle.co/Committee_of_Nine
[2] Codified Law 17-2 | South Dakota Legislature https://sdlegislature.gov/Statutes/17-2
[3] General Collections copy 1 | Library of Congress https://www.loc.gov/resource/lhbcb.23624/?sp=2&st=list
[4] Why We Are Launching On The Record | Ohio Senate https://ohiosenate.gov/news/on-the-record/why-we-are-launching-on-the-record
[5] Decline of newspapers - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_of_newspapers

Hillsboro

 Hillsboro west virginia

Hillsboro is a small town located in Pocahontas County, West Virginia, with a population of 232 as of the 2020 census[1]. Founded in 1843, it is the oldest incorporated town in the county and has a rich history dating back to the early 19th century[2][3].

The town was named after pioneer John Hill, who built a log cabin in the area[1]. Hillsboro's history is closely tied to education, with the Little Levels Academy established in 1842 and later evolving into various educational institutions[1].

Hillsboro is perhaps best known as the birthplace of Pearl S. Buck, the famous author and Nobel Prize winner[1][4]. Her birthplace, now a museum on the National Register of Historic Places, is a popular attraction for visitors[1].

The town hosts the annual Little Levels Heritage Fair in late June, celebrating the region's history[1]. Other points of interest include the Yew Mountain Center, local craft shops, and nearby natural attractions such as Watoga State Park, Droop Mountain Battlefield, and the Highland Scenic Highway[1].

Hillsboro's picturesque location in the Monongahela National Forest area makes it a gateway to various outdoor recreational opportunities and scenic drives[1][4].

Citations:
[1] Hillsboro https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsboro,_West_Virginia
[2] Welcome to Hillsboro, West Virginia - WV.gov https://local.wv.gov/hillsboro/Pages/default.aspx
[3] Hillsboro https://hillsborowv.com
[4] Hillsboro, WV: All You Must Know Before You Go (2024) - Tripadvisor https://www.tripadvisor.com/Tourism-g59165-What is the history behind the Droop Mountain Battlefield State Park

Droop Mountain Battlefield State Park preserves the site of a significant Civil War battle that took place on November 6, 1863. The battle was part of the Union's efforts to disrupt Confederate supply lines and control West Virginia.

Key points about the battle and park's history:

1. Union forces led by Brigadier General William W. Averell clashed with Confederate troops under Brigadier General John Echols[1].

2. The Confederates initially held the high ground, but were eventually overwhelmed by the Union's larger force[3].

3. This was West Virginia's last significant Civil War battle, effectively ending organized Confederate resistance in the state[1][3].

4. The battlefield site was purchased by West Virginia in 1928 and dedicated as a state park on July 4, 1929, making it West Virginia's first state park[1][3].

5. The Civilian Conservation Corps helped develop the park in the 1930s, building trails and an observation tower[3].

6. Today, the 267-acre park features a museum housed in a restored CCC cabin, hiking trails, picnic areas, and interpretive signage about the battle[1][2].

7. The park hosts reenactments of the battle in October of even-numbered years[1].

8. Droop Mountain Battlefield is part of the Civil War Discovery Trail, linking over 300 historical sites across 16 states[1].

The park serves as both a memorial to those who fought and died there and as a recreational area, offering visitors a chance to explore Civil War history and enjoy the natural beauty of the Greenbrier Valley region.

Citations:
[1] Droop Mountain Battlefield State Park - West Virginia State Parks https://wvstateparks.com/park/droop-mountain-battlefield-state-park/
[2] History & Picnics at Droop Mountain Battlefield State Park https://wvstateparks.com/civil-war-history-and-natural-beauty-meet-at-droop-mountain-battlefield-state-park/
[3] Droop Mountain Battlefield State Park - Pocahontas County, WV https://pocahontascountywv.com/company/droop-mountain-battlefield-state-park/
[4] Battle of Droop Mountain - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Droop_Mountain
[5] Droop Mountain Battlefield - West Virginia Ghost Stories, Legends ... https://westvirginiahauntsandlegends.com/Droop_Mountain_Battlefield.htm
-Vacations.html


[5] Hillsboro, WV Map & Directions - MapQuest https://www.mapquest.com/us/west-virginia/hillsboro-wv-282029769
What is the history behind the Droop Mountain Battlefield State Park

Droop Mountain Battlefield State Park preserves the site of a significant Civil War battle that took place on November 6, 1863. The battle was part of the Union's efforts to disrupt Confederate supply lines and control West Virginia.

Key points about the battle and park's history:

1. Union forces led by Brigadier General William W. Averell clashed with Confederate troops under Brigadier General John Echols[1].

2. The Confederates initially held the high ground, but were eventually overwhelmed by the Union's larger force[3].

3. This was West Virginia's last significant Civil War battle, effectively ending organized Confederate resistance in the state[1][3].

4. The battlefield site was purchased by West Virginia in 1928 and dedicated as a state park on July 4, 1929, making it West Virginia's first state park[1][3].

5. The Civilian Conservation Corps helped develop the park in the 1930s, building trails and an observation tower[3].

6. Today, the 267-acre park features a museum housed in a restored CCC cabin, hiking trails, picnic areas, and interpretive signage about the battle[1][2].

7. The park hosts reenactments of the battle in October of even-numbered years[1].

8. Droop Mountain Battlefield is part of the Civil War Discovery Trail, linking over 300 historical sites across 16 states[1].

The park serves as both a memorial to those who fought and died there and as a recreational area, offering visitors a chance to explore Civil War history and enjoy the natural beauty of the Greenbrier Valley region.

Citations:
[1] Droop Mountain Battlefield State Park - West Virginia State Parks https://wvstateparks.com/park/droop-mountain-battlefield-state-park/
[2] History & Picnics at Droop Mountain Battlefield State Park https://wvstateparks.com/civil-war-history-and-natural-beauty-meet-at-droop-mountain-battlefield-state-park/
[3] Droop Mountain Battlefield State Park - Pocahontas County, WV https://pocahontascountywv.com/company/droop-mountain-battlefield-state-park/
[4] Battle of Droop Mountain - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Droop_Mountain
[5] Droop Mountain Battlefield - West Virginia Ghost Stories, Legends ... https://westvirginiahauntsandlegends.com/Droop_Mountain_Battlefield.htm

Brigadier General John Echols[1].

Brigadier General John Echols was a significant Confederate military leader during the American Civil War. Born on March 20, 1823, Echols served the Confederacy in various capacities throughout the conflict[2].

Key points about John Echols:

1. He voted for Virginia's secession and quickly offered his services to the Confederate cause[2].

2. Echols began his military career as a lieutenant colonel, gathering volunteers for Joseph E. Johnston's army[2].

3. He commanded the 27th Virginia Infantry and fought at the First Battle of Manassas under Stonewall Jackson[2].

4. Promoted to brigadier general on April 16, 1862, after being wounded at the First Battle of Kernstown[2].

5. Echols commanded Confederate forces at the Battle of Droop Mountain[2].

6. He led Breckinridge's right wing at the Battle of New Market in 1864[2].

7. Near the war's end, Echols was assigned command of the western department of Virginia[2].

After the war, Echols resumed his law practice in Staunton, Virginia, and later served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1878 to 1881[2]. He also became involved in railroad management and banking[2]. Echols died on May 24, 1896, in Staunton, where he is buried in Thornrose Cemetery[2][3].

Citations:
[1] John Echols | Civil War Wiki | Fandom https://civilwar-history.fandom.com/wiki/John_Echols
[2] John Echols - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Echols
[3] John Echols (1823-1896) - Find a Grave Memorial https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/10861/john-echols
[4] John Echols | American Battlefield Trust https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/john-echols
[5] Brig. Gen. John Echols House - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brig._Gen._John_Echols_House
What was John Echols' involvement in the Committee of Nine

Based on the search results, John Echols was involved with the Committee of Nine in the following ways:

1. He helped select the members of the Committee of Nine, which was a group of state leaders who worked to ensure that Virginia would be readmitted to the Union and that former Confederates could once again hold political office[3][5].

2. Echols was part of a committee of three, along with F. G. Ruffin and James D. Johnston, appointed by Alexander H. H. Stuart, who was the chairman of the Committee of Nine[1].

3. As part of this smaller committee, Echols met with various newspapers to publish the "Senex" articles, which were likely related to the Committee's efforts. Some newspapers refused to publish these articles, but after Echols and Sutherlin visited the Richmond Whig, editor Alexander Mosely agreed to publish them[1].

4. The Committee of Nine's main goal was to secure separate votes on Virginia's new state constitution and the provision that continued to disenfranchise former Confederates. Echols' involvement helped in this effort to restore Virginia to the Union and regain political rights for ex-Confederates[1][3].

Citations:
[1] Committee of Nine - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Nine
[2] echols - Oocities https://www.oocities.org/cannonball50x/echols.html.tmp
[3] Confederate Brig. General John Echols, CSA - Medical Antiques https://www.medicalantiques.com/civilwar/Civil_War_Articles/General_John_Echols.htm
[4] John Echols - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Echols
[5] John Echols | Civil War Wiki | Fandom https://civilwar-history.fandom.com/wiki/John_Echols

Frost

 how did Frost West Virginia get its name

Frost, West Virginia likely got its name due to its high altitude. According to local history, the presumption is that the name Frost was given to the post office established in the village in 1853 because of the area's elevated location[1].

The first postmaster of Frost was Francis Dever. While the exact origin of the name is not definitively known, even by the oldest residents at the time the local history was recorded, the high altitude explanation seems to be the most accepted theory[1].

Frost is an unincorporated community located in eastern Pocahontas County, West Virginia[2]. The area was settled early enough to have a school in use by 1892, with an addition built in 1912[3]. This suggests the community was established well before the turn of the 20th century, consistent with the 1853 date for the post office's establishment.

Citations:
[1] Knapp's Creek - West Virginia Department of Arts, Culture and History https://archive.wvculture.org/history/agrext/knappsck.html
[2] Frost, West Virginia - Wikiwand https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Frost,_West_Virginia
[3] New life for the Frost School - Pocahontas Times https://pocahontastimes.com/new-life-for-the-frost-school/
[4] How deep is the frost line in West Virginia ? - CountryPlans.com https://countryplans.com/smf/index.php?topic=8545.0
[5] 1893 - Frost - Berea's Appalachian Commitment Timeline https://libraryguides.berea.edu/bcappcommtimeline/frost

Pocahontas County Slavery

 tell me the history of slavery in Pocahontas County West Virginia

Slavery existed in Pocahontas County, West Virginia from its earliest settlement, though not in large numbers due to the county's mountainous terrain and small farms.

Slaves were present in Pocahontas County from the earliest years of European settlement, but not in extensive numbers, as farms were generally not large[1]. The county's economy was primarily based on livestock grazing and small-scale agriculture, which did not require large slave labor forces.

In 1861, when Virginia voted on secession from the Union, Pocahontas County voters strongly supported secession by a vote of 360 to 13[1]. This indicates that pro-slavery sentiment was prevalent in the county, despite the relatively small number of enslaved people.

During the Civil War, Pocahontas County became part of the front lines between Union and Confederate forces. The county saw several battles and military movements, including a brief visit by Robert E. Lee[1]. Sons from Pocahontas County fought for both the Union and Confederate armies during the conflict[1].

After West Virginia achieved statehood in 1863, slavery was gradually phased out in the new state, including in Pocahontas County. The 13th Amendment, ratified in 1865, officially abolished slavery throughout the United States, marking the end of the institution in Pocahontas County and the rest of West Virginia.

Citations:
[1] Pocahontas County - e-WV https://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/1876
[2] History of slavery in West Virginia - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_West_Virginia
[3] A Civil War Trail Road Trip through Nature's Mountain Playground https://pocahontascountywv.com/a-civil-war-trail-road-trip-through-natures-mountain-playground/
[4] [PDF] SLAVERY AND THE FORMATION OF WEST VIRGINIA, 1850-1868 ... https://etd.auburn.edu/bitstream/handle/10415/4209/MacKenzie%20Dissertation%202%20Binding.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=2
[5] In Pocahontas County, Deep Divisions and a Gruesome Discovery https://longreads.com/2020/01/21/in-pocahontas-county-deep-divisions-and-a-gruesome-discovery/

NAPOLEON AND THE CANNABIS WAR

 How did Napoleon's troops influence the cannabis market in Europe

Napoleon's troops significantly influenced the cannabis market in Europe, particularly through their experiences during the Egyptian campaign of 1798. Here's how:

1. Introduction to hashish: During the invasion of Egypt, French soldiers encountered hashish for the first time. Deprived of their usual alcohol, they began consuming hashish in local cafés and markets[2][3].

2. Cultural exchange: The soldiers' exploration of hashish contributed to a cultural exchange that helped shape Western Europe's evolving perspective on cannabis[3].

3. Bringing hashish back to France: Upon returning from Egypt in 1801, French troops brought supplies of hashish with them, introducing it to a wider audience in France[5].

4. Literary influence: The soldiers' experiences with hashish in Egypt indirectly led to the formation of the Club des Hashischins in Paris. This club, dedicated to the consumption of hashish and other drugs, included famous authors like Victor Hugo, Alexandre Dumas, and Charles Baudelaire[5].

5. Medical research: French psychiatrist Jacques-Joseph Moreau, inspired by these experiences, conducted extensive studies on hashish. In 1845, he published "Du Hachisch et de l'aliénation mentale" (Hashish and Mental Illness), contributing to early medical understanding of cannabis[5].

These events sparked interest in cannabis products across Europe, influencing both cultural and scientific spheres, and ultimately shaping the continent's relationship with cannabis for years to come.

Citations:
[1] NAPOLEON AND THE CANNABIS WAR https://dragon-cannabis.com/en/2021/07/21/napoleon-in-war-for-cannabis/
[2] The Emperor's Hash: Napoleon's Lasting Legacy in Cannabis Culture https://herbaldispatch.com/blogs/news/the-emperors-hash-napoleons-lasting-legacy-in-cannabis-culture
[3] Did Napoleon Fail Because of Freezing Weather or His Troops Kept ... https://cannabis.net/blog/history/did-napoleon-fail-because-of-freezing-weather-or-his-troops-kept-getting-high-everyday
[4] Leading Like Napoleon: Strategic Thinking for Cannabis Executives https://420cpa.com/leading-like-napoleon-strategic-thinking-for-cannabis-executives/
[5] Cannabis in France - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_in_France

Chestnut in the Opera House

 tell me about the chestnut light in Pocahontas

The Pocahontas County Opera House, located in Marlinton, West Virginia, features a unique architectural element related to the American chestnut. The large performance hall is accented by a balustrade made of American chestnut wood, which wraps around three sides of the balcony[2]. This chestnut feature allows light to pour in through the building's 32 windows, creating a distinctive illumination effect in the historic theater[2].

The use of American chestnut in the Opera House is particularly noteworthy because the tree species was nearly wiped out by chestnut blight in the early 20th century[1]. Before the blight, American chestnuts were a dominant tree species in Appalachia, accounting for up to 50% of the forest in some areas[1]. The wood was prized for its beauty, light weight, and resistance to rot, making it a popular choice for construction and furniture[1].

The presence of the chestnut balustrade in the Opera House, which was built in 1910, serves as a reminder of the tree's former prominence in the region and its importance to Appalachian culture and economy[1][2]. The Opera House itself is now on the National Register of Historic Places and continues to be a center for performing arts and community events in Pocahontas County[2].

Citations:
[1] For Your Consideration - Pocahontas Times https://pocahontastimes.com/for-your-consideration-76/
[2] Our History - Pocahontas County Opera House https://www.pocahontasoperahouse.org/history
[3] Chestnut blight - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut_blight
[4] Chestnut Blight: An American Tragedy | Forest Pathology https://forestpathology.org/canker/chestnut-blight/
[5] Explore Pocahontas County, West Virginia by Motorcycle https://tamelarich.com/roadtripping/travel-slow/explore-pocahontas-county-west-virginia-by-motorcycle/
How did the American chestnut contribute to the economy in Appalachia

The American chestnut was a vital economic resource for Appalachia, contributing significantly to the region's economy in several ways:

1. Timber industry: The chestnut's wood was highly valued for its rot-resistance, straight grain, and ease of splitting. It was used extensively for building materials, including log cabin foundations, fence posts, flooring, railroad ties, and telephone poles[1][2].

2. Nut harvesting: Chestnut trees produced an abundant annual nut crop. Families would gather chestnuts by the bushel and sell them in nearby towns, providing a crucial cash crop for rural households[1][2].

3. Livestock feed: The nuts were used to fatten hogs and cattle for market through silvopasturing in chestnut-dominated forests[2].

4. Tanning industry: The bark and wood of the American chestnut were rich in tannic acid, providing more than half of the vegetable tannin used by the American leather industry at the turn of the century[1].

5. Furniture and casket making: The straight-grained wood was ideal for crafting furniture and caskets, supporting local manufacturing industries[1].

6. Seasonal income: The nut-ripening season coincided with the holiday season, creating a thriving market for fresh and roasted chestnuts in major cities[2].

The loss of the American chestnut due to blight had a devastating impact on Appalachia's economy, depriving the region of this versatile and valuable natural resource[3][4].

Citations:
[1] A nice article on the history of the American Chestnut https://www.appalachianwoods.com/flooring/antique-wormy-chestnut-flooring/american-chestnut-history/
[2] History of the American Chestnut https://tacf.org/history-american-chestnut/
[3] The Loss of the American Chestnut Destroyed Appalachia - LinkedIn https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/loss-american-chestnut-destroyed-appalachia-hollis-mclain-iii
[4] Echoes of the Past: The Fall of the American Chestnut in Appalachia https://realappalachia.com/echoes-of-the-past-the-fall-of-the-american-chestnut-in-appalachia/
[5] Bringing Back the American Chestnut - Appalachian History https://www.appalachianhistory.net/2022/10/bring-back-chestnuts.html
tell me the history of the Pocahontas Opera House

The Pocahontas County Opera House, located in Marlinton, West Virginia, has a rich history dating back to the early 20th century. The original building was constructed in 1907 by J.G. Tilton, a court reporter from Mount Vernon, Ohio[1]. In 1910, Tilton, who was also a lumber businessman and publisher of the Marlinton Messenger, expanded the building to create the current Opera House structure[1].

During its early years, the Opera House was a hub of activity in the booming railroad town of Marlinton. It hosted performances by groups from as far away as New York and served multiple purposes, including housing Tilton's newspaper, the Marlinton Messenger, in 1912[1]. The venue was also used for county fairs, basketball games, and various community events[1].

As the railroad economy changed, Tilton sold the building. Throughout the rest of the 20th century, the Opera House served various functions, including a lumberyard, roller skating rink, and car dealership[1][3].

In 1991, the Pocahontas County Historic Landmarks Commission purchased the property, which had fallen into disrepair with no floor or stage remaining[1]. Through community support and donations, the Opera House was restored to its former glory by 1998, when the Pocahontas County Opera House Foundation was formed to oversee its operations[1].

Today, the Pocahontas County Opera House serves as a 250-seat historic theatre and cultural center, hosting a variety of performances and community events[2]. In 2021, the building received a facelift, including exterior repairs and new paint, to preserve its historic character[1].

Citations:
[1] Pocahontas County Opera House - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocahontas_County_Opera_House
[2] Pocahontas County Opera House https://www.pocahontasoperahouse.org
[3] Pocahontas County Opera House | West Virginia Historic Theatre Trail https://wvhistorictheaters.com/region-2-south/pocahontas-opera-house/
[4] Pocahontas County Opera House https://pocahontascountywv.com/company/pocahontas-county-opera-house/
[5] History made at Pocahontas County Opera House - WVNS https://www.wvnstv.com/news/entertainment-news/history-made-at-pocahontas-county-opera-house/

Trout Run Bridge

 Trout Run bridge
How does the new Trout Run Bridge compare to older designs in terms of weather resistance

The new Trout Run Bridge incorporates several design improvements that enhance its weather resistance compared to older designs:

1. Improved drainage: The project included specific drainage improvements, which helps manage water flow more effectively during heavy rainfall or flooding events.

2. Bank stabilization: Associated bank stabilization work was performed, protecting the bridge and its approaches from erosion and potential flood damage. This was likely not as extensively addressed in older designs.

3. Strategic placement: The new bridge was built to the east of the existing location, suggesting a more optimal position relative to water flow and terrain based on modern engineering assessments.

4. Avoidance of in-stream work: The design specifically aimed to avoid any work in or disturbance to the waters, which can help maintain natural water flow patterns and reduce flood risks.

5. Modern engineering practices: While not explicitly stated, it's likely that the new bridge incorporates more advanced materials and construction techniques that offer better resistance to harsh weather conditions.

6. Climate resilience: Modern bridge designs often factor in climate change considerations, potentially making the new bridge more resilient to extreme weather events than its predecessor.

These features collectively suggest that the new Trout Run Bridge is likely more capable of withstanding severe weather conditions compared to the original bridge that was washed out in the 1985 flood.

Citations:
[1] Trout Run Bridge Reopens - May 2023 - YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_uBFokXLMWU
[2] Trout Run Bridge on Cass Scenic Railroad reopens after 40 years https://www.wboy.com/pocahontas-county/cass-scenic-railroad-bridge-reopens-after-almost-40-years/
[3] Special train, ceremony mark restoration of Trout Run Bridge https://www.trains.com/trn/news-reviews/news-wire/special-train-ceremony-mark-restoration-of-trout-run-bridge/
[4] Climate Change - Comparing the Effects on Brook and Brown Trout https://www.thescientificflyangler.com/post/climate-change-comparing-the-effects-on-brook-and-brown-trout
[5] Trout & Temperature | Tenkara Talk https://www.tenkaratalk.com/2018/12/trout-temperature/
I'll
The Trout Run Bridge, a crucial link on the Durbin & Greenbrier Valley Railroad (DGVR) line between Cass and Durbin, West Virginia, has recently reopened after being out of service for nearly 40 years[1][2]. The original bridge was washed out during a historic flood in 1985, severing a rail connection that had existed since the early 1900s[2].

The West Virginia Department of Transportation (WVDOT), in collaboration with the DGVR, undertook the challenging task of rebuilding the bridge. Construction began with the bridge abutments in 2019-2020, and the bridge itself was completed in 2022[2]. The project faced numerous obstacles, including harsh working conditions and the need to transport all materials by rail to the remote site[2].

On May 15, 2023, the new Trout Run Bridge was officially opened with a special ceremony featuring a Shay locomotive cutting the ribbon[2][3]. This reopening has restored the 15-mile excursion line from Cass Scenic Railroad to the town of Durbin, allowing tourists and rail enthusiasts to once again experience the beauty of the river and valley[2][5].

The bridge's completion represents a significant achievement in preserving West Virginia's rail heritage and boosting tourism in the region. It stands as a testament to the state's commitment to infrastructure and the dedication of the workers involved in its construction[2].

Citations:
[1] Trout Run Railroad Bridge - - Carpenter Marty Transportation https://www.cmtran.com/trout-run
[2] Shay 5 locomotive cuts the ribbon on Trout Run Bridge as WVDOT ... https://transportation.wv.gov/communications/PressRelease/Pages/Shay_5_locomotive_cuts_the_ribbon_on_Trout_Run_Bridge_as_WVDOT_reopens_Cass_to_Durbin_rail_line.aspx
[3] Trout Run Bridge on Cass Scenic Railroad reopens after 40 years https://www.wboy.com/pocahontas-county/cass-scenic-railroad-bridge-reopens-after-almost-40-years/
[4] Trout Run Bridge Reopens - May 2023 - YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_uBFokXLMWU
[5] Special train, ceremony mark restoration of Trout Run Bridge https://www.trains.com/trn/news-reviews/news-wire/special-train-ceremony-mark-restoration-of-trout-run-bridge/
What was the process like for rebuilding the Trout Run Bridge

The process of rebuilding the Trout Run Bridge was challenging and complex, involving several stages and unique obstacles:

1. Planning and design: Carpenter Marty Transportation performed the design and preparation of contract plans for the new bridge, including drainage improvements and utility coordination[5].

2. Construction timeline: Work on the bridge abutments began in 2019-2020, with the bridge itself completed in 2022[1][2].

3. Remote location challenges: The bridge site is only accessible by rail, requiring all construction materials and heavy equipment to be transported via train. Workers faced a 30-minute commute by rail speeder or rail truck daily[2][4].

4. Harsh working conditions: The crew battled severe weather, with temperatures often 10 degrees colder at the work site than in nearby areas. Workers sometimes had to plow their way through snow to access the site[4].

5. Specialized workforce: The West Virginia Department of Transportation deployed their Central Forces (Cenforce), a group of workers with specialized skills, to tackle this complex project[4].

6. Historical significance: Some crew members had personal connections to the railroad, adding emotional investment to the project[4].

The rebuilding process culminated in a special ceremony on May 15, 2023, marking the official reopening of the Trout Run Bridge and restoring the 15-mile excursion line between Cass and Durbin[1][3].

Citations:
[1] Special train, ceremony mark restoration of Trout Run Bridge https://www.trains.com/trn/news-reviews/news-wire/special-train-ceremony-mark-restoration-of-trout-run-bridge/
[2] West Virginia bridge being rebuilt along tourism train route | AP News https://apnews.com/article/floods-travel-business-west-virginia-e2972e9b046aa714d1d91b7a1c468765
[3] Trout Run Bridge Reopens - May 2023 - YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_uBFokXLMWU
[4] WVDOT rebuilding washed-out Trout Run railroad bridge in ... https://www.register-herald.com/news/life/wvdot-rebuilding-washed-out-trout-run-railroad-bridge-in-pocahontas-county/article_641d647c-6f67-11ed-83be-0722504630ea.html
[5] Trout Run Railroad Bridge - - Carpenter Marty Transportation https://www.cmtran.com/trout-run
What materials were used in the new Trout Run Bridge

Based on the available search results, there is limited specific information about the materials used in the new Trout Run Bridge. However, we can infer some details:

1. The bridge is described as a "ballast deck bridge" in the press release from the West Virginia Department of Transportation[4]. This suggests that the bridge deck is designed to support a layer of ballast (crushed stone) on which the railroad tracks are laid.

2. Given that it's a railroad bridge, it's likely constructed using steel for the main structural components. Railroad bridges typically use steel girders or trusses to support the heavy loads of trains.

3. The bridge abutments, which were constructed in 2019-2020, are likely made of reinforced concrete, as this is a common material for bridge foundations and supports.

4. The construction process involved transporting all materials by rail to the remote site[4], indicating that prefabricated components may have been used to facilitate assembly at the location.

While these details provide some insight into the bridge's construction, it's important to note that the search results don't explicitly state the exact materials used in the new Trout Run Bridge.

Citations:
[1] Trout Run Bridge Reopens - May 2023 - YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_uBFokXLMWU
[2] West Virginia bridge to be rebuilt along tourism train route - WOAY-TV https://woay.com/west-virginia-build-to-be-rebuilt-along-tourism-train-route/
[3] Special train, ceremony mark restoration of Trout Run Bridge https://www.trains.com/trn/news-reviews/news-wire/special-train-ceremony-mark-restoration-of-trout-run-bridge/
[4] Shay 5 locomotive cuts the ribbon on Trout Run Bridge as WVDOT ... https://transportation.wv.gov/communications/PressRelease/Pages/Shay_5_locomotive_cuts_the_ribbon_on_Trout_Run_Bridge_as_WVDOT_reopens_Cass_to_Durbin_rail_line.aspx
[5] Trout Run Railroad Bridge - - Carpenter Marty Transportation https://www.cmtran.com/trout-run
How did the design of the new bridge ensure its stability in harsh weather conditions

The design of the new Trout Run Bridge incorporated several features to ensure its stability in harsh weather conditions:

1. Ballast deck design: The bridge is described as a "ballast deck bridge," which typically provides better weight distribution and stability for railroad tracks[3].

2. Improved drainage: The project included drainage improvements as part of the overall design, which helps manage water flow and reduce the risk of flood-related damage[1].

3. Bank stabilization: Associated bank stabilization work was performed to protect the bridge and its approaches from erosion and potential flood damage[1].

4. Strategic placement: The new bridge was built to the east of the existing location, likely to optimize its position relative to water flow and terrain[1].

5. Climate resilience considerations: While not explicitly stated for this bridge, modern bridge designs often incorporate climate change factors to enhance resilience against severe weather events[2].

6. Avoidance of in-stream work: The design specifically aimed to avoid any work in or disturbance to the waters of the United States, which can help maintain natural water flow patterns and reduce the risk of flood-related issues[1].

These design elements, combined with the use of modern engineering practices and materials, should contribute to the bridge's ability to withstand harsh weather conditions and prevent a recurrence of the 1985 flood damage that destroyed the original bridge.

Citations:
[1] Trout Run Railroad Bridge - - Carpenter Marty Transportation https://www.cmtran.com/trout-run
[2] [PDF] Bridge and Culvert Designs for Reduced Wildlife-Vehicle Conflicts ... https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/72620/dot_72620_DS1.pdf
[3] Shay 5 locomotive cuts the ribbon on Trout Run Bridge as WVDOT ... https://transportation.wv.gov/communications/PressRelease/Pages/Shay_5_locomotive_cuts_the_ribbon_on_Trout_Run_Bridge_as_WVDOT_reopens_Cass_to_Durbin_rail_line.aspx
[4] Highways and Rail: Innovative partnership behind opening of Cass ... https://transportation.wv.gov/communications/PressRelease/Pages/Highways_and_Rail_Innovative_partnership_behind_opening_of_Cass_Scenic_Railroads_Trout_Run_Bridge_closed_since_1985.aspx
[5] Special train, ceremony mark restoration of Trout Run Bridge https://www.trains.com/trn/news-reviews/news-wire/special-train-ceremony-mark-restoration-of-trout-run-bridge/
How does the new Trout Run Bridge compare to older designs in terms of weather resistance

The new Trout Run Bridge incorporates several design improvements that enhance its weather resistance compared to older designs:

1. Improved drainage: The project included specific drainage improvements, which helps manage water flow more effectively during heavy rainfall or flooding events.

2. Bank stabilization: Associated bank stabilization work was performed, protecting the bridge and its approaches from erosion and potential flood damage. This was likely not as extensively addressed in older designs.

3. Strategic placement: The new bridge was built to the east of the existing location, suggesting a more optimal position relative to water flow and terrain based on modern engineering assessments.

4. Avoidance of in-stream work: The design specifically aimed to avoid any work in or disturbance to the waters, which can help maintain natural water flow patterns and reduce flood risks.

5. Modern engineering practices: While not explicitly stated, it's likely that the new bridge incorporates more advanced materials and construction techniques that offer better resistance to harsh weather conditions.

6. Climate resilience: Modern bridge designs often factor in climate change considerations, potentially making the new bridge more resilient to extreme weather events than its predecessor.

These features collectively suggest that the new Trout Run Bridge is likely more capable of withstanding severe weather conditions compared to the original bridge that was washed out in the 1985 flood.

Citations:
[1] Trout Run Bridge Reopens - May 2023 - YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_uBFokXLMWU
[2] Trout Run Bridge on Cass Scenic Railroad reopens after 40 years https://www.wboy.com/pocahontas-county/cass-scenic-railroad-bridge-reopens-after-almost-40-years/
[3] Special train, ceremony mark restoration of Trout Run Bridge https://www.trains.com/trn/news-reviews/news-wire/special-train-ceremony-mark-restoration-of-trout-run-bridge/
[4] Climate Change - Comparing the Effects on Brook and Brown Trout https://www.thescientificflyangler.com/post/climate-change-comparing-the-effects-on-brook-and-brown-trout
[5] Trout & Temperature | Tenkara Talk https://www.tenkaratalk.com/2018/12/trout-temperature/
2] Trout Run Bridge on Cass Scenic Railroad reopens after 40 years https://www.wboy.com/pocahontas-county/cass-scenic-railroad-bridge-reopens-after-almost-40-years/

Indians in Pocahontas County

 Indians in Pocahontas County West Virginia

Pocahontas County, West Virginia has a rich history involving Native American presence and interactions, though there were no permanent Indian settlements in the area at the time of European arrival. Here are the key points about Indians in Pocahontas County:

1. Early Native American presence:
While there were no permanent settlements when Europeans arrived, Native Americans had used the area for hunting grounds[2]. The region was part of the territory reserved by the Iroquois Confederacy as a hunting ground, which they had claimed by conquering other tribes in the area[1].

2. First European encounters:
When Andrew Lewis came to survey the area in 1751, he found two European settlers, Jacob Marlin and Stephen Sewell, already living there. These are considered to be the first European settlers in the region[1].

3. Conflict and resistance:
As European settlers began to encroach on Indian lands, it sparked raids and massacres between the groups. A 1758 treaty by Great Britain confirmed the land west of the Allegheny Mountains to the Indians and forbade British subjects from settling or hunting there. However, white settlers continued to move into the area, leading to ongoing conflicts[1].

4. Tribes associated with the region:
While not specifically tied to Pocahontas County, several Native American tribes are associated with the broader West Virginia area. These include:

- Cherokee
- Conoy
- Delaware
- Honniasont
- Moneton
- Shawnee
- Susquehanna[3]

5. Archaeological evidence:
There are indications of Native American burials in the area. Older residents reported that several Indians had been buried in the region, suggesting a longer history of Native American presence[2].

6. Post-Revolutionary period:
After the American Revolution, conflicts with Native Americans in the area decreased, and European settlers' land claims were secured more systematically[1].

7. Naming of the county:
Interestingly, Pocahontas County itself is named after Pocahontas, the daughter of the Powhatan chief who famously interacted with English settlers in Jamestown, Virginia. This naming reflects the broader cultural impact of Native American history on the region, even though Pocahontas herself was not from this specific area[1].

It's important to note that while Native Americans played a significant role in the early history of what became Pocahontas County, their presence was largely displaced by European settlement by the time the county was officially established in 1821[4]. The history of Native Americans in this region is part of the broader story of displacement and conflict that characterized much of the European settlement of North America.

Citations:
[1] Pocahontas County, West Virginia - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocahontas_County,_West_Virginia
[2] Knapp's Creek - West Virginia Department of Arts, Culture and History https://archive.wvculture.org/history/agrext/knappsck.html
[3] West Virginia Indigenous Peoples - FamilySearch https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/West_Virginia_Indigenous_Peoples
[4] Pocahontas County - e-WV https://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/1876
[5] Pocahontas County, West Virginia https://wvexplorer.com/communities/counties/pocahontas-county-west-virginia/
[6] Pocahontas County Historical Society - Home Page http://www.pocahontashistorical.org
[7] Pocahontas County,West Virginia Genealogy Trails History of ... http://genealogytrails.com/wva/pocahontas/history.htm
[8] Historical Sketches Pocahontas County, West Virginia https://www.okielegacy.net/journal/tabloid/?ID=7367&iss=27&vol=16
[9] 200 years of Pocahontas History: Past, Present, and ... - WVNS https://www.wvnstv.com/top-stories/200-years-of-pocahontas-history-past-present-and-celebratory-future/
[10] In Pocahontas County, Deep Divisions and a Gruesome Discovery https://longreads.com/2020/01/21/in-pocahontas-county-deep-divisions-and-a-gruesome-discovery/
[11] Exploring West Virginia's Native American History https://wvpublic.org/wild-wondering-west-virginia-exploring-west-virginias-native-american-history/
How did the Indian attacks during the French and Indian War impact the early settlers of Pocahontas County

The Indian attacks during the French and Indian War had a significant impact on the early settlers of Pocahontas County, West Virginia:

1. The attacks drove most early settlers out of the Greenbrier Valley, which includes parts of present-day Pocahontas County, in the 1750s[1].

2. Settlement in the area was severely disrupted and slowed down due to the ongoing conflicts between Native Americans and European settlers[1][4].

3. The migration of German settlers to the backcountry of the region, which likely included parts of Pocahontas County, was halted during this period[4].

4. The conflicts damaged relations between Anglo settlers and Cherokee tribes, who had previously been allies but became hostile during the war[4].

5. Many settlers were forced to abandon their homes and newly established farms, retreating to more secure areas further east.

6. The attacks created a climate of fear and instability, making it difficult for permanent settlements to take hold in the region during the war years.

7. The conflicts likely delayed the official establishment of Pocahontas County, which didn't occur until much later in 1821.

These impacts demonstrate how the French and Indian War significantly disrupted early settlement attempts in the area that would become Pocahontas County, forcing many pioneers to flee and temporarily halting westward expansion into this region of the Appalachian frontier.

Citations:
[1] The Impact of the French and Indian War on Settlement West of the ... http://www.virginiaplaces.org/settleland/settlewest.html
[2] French and Indian War · George Washington's Mount Vernon https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/french-and-indian-war/
[3] French and Indian War - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_and_Indian_War
[4] French and Indian War - NCpedia https://www.ncpedia.org/french-and-indian-war
[5] Incidents leading up to the French and Indian War, 1753–54 https://history.state.gov/milestones/1750-1775/incidents

 Before the Revolutionary War, the British authorities erected, at intervals along the Ohio river, below Fort Duquesne, built by the French at Pittsburg, a number of forts or stockades for the purpose of holding the very desirable valley of the Ohio from the French, as well as for places of refuge in event of Indian forays against the settlers. Among these was a fort at Wheeling, constructed under the direction of Lord Dunmore, Royal Governor of Virginia, by John Caldwell, (son of James Caldwell, the elder), and Ebenezer Zane, the elder, the fortification being laid out by John Caldwell. The west and south sides thereof were pro¬ tected by precipitous gravel banks which would expose any assailing party to the view and fire from the port. It was first called Fort Fincastle, but when the Revolution broke out the name was changed to Fort Henry in honor of Patrick Henry, the Rebel Governor of Virginia.

John Caldwell was always fond of the woods, and was a great hunter and Indian fighter. He was badly wounded in the leg on the west slope of Wheeling Hill, when scouting, during one of the Indian attacks upon Fort Henry, and this wound caused him to limp slightly for the balance of his life.

The query contains some inaccuracies and mixes historical events. Let's clarify the key points:

Fort Duquesne was indeed built by the French at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers (present-day Pittsburgh) in 1754[1]. However, it was captured and destroyed by the British in 1758 during the French and Indian War, not the Revolutionary War[1][3].

After capturing Fort Duquesne, the British built Fort Pitt in its place[1]. The British did not construct a series of forts along the Ohio River below Fort Duquesne as described in the query.

Fort Henry in Wheeling was built in 1774, but not directly by British authorities. It was constructed under the direction of Lord Dunmore, the Royal Governor of Virginia, as part of his preparations for Lord Dunmore's War against the Native Americans[4]. The fort was initially named Fort Fincastle and later renamed Fort Henry during the American Revolution.

The information about John Caldwell and Ebenezer Zane's involvement in the fort's construction, as well as John Caldwell's injury during an Indian attack, cannot be verified from the given search results.

It's important to note that the events described span two different conflicts: the French and Indian War (1754-1763) and the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783). The query seems to conflate these separate historical periods.

Citations:
[1] Fort Duquesne · George Washington's Mount Vernon https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/fort-duquesne/
[2] Incidents leading up to the French and Indian War, 1753–54 https://history.state.gov/milestones/1750-1775/incidents
[3] Fort Duquesne - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Duquesne
[4] Defending the Continent: Fortifications of the French and Indian War https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/fortifications-french-and-indian-war
[5] Fort Sackville: Britain yields possesion - National Park Service https://www.nps.gov/gero/learn/historyculture/fortsackville.htm

What were the main diseases that affected Native Americans in Pocahontas County during the Civil War era

Based on the search results provided, there is no specific information about diseases affecting Native Americans in Pocahontas County during the Civil War era. However, we can infer some general information about diseases that affected Native American populations during that time period:

1. Smallpox was a major threat to Native American communities throughout the 19th century, including during the Civil War era[2][4].

2. Cholera was another significant disease that impacted Native American populations, particularly in the mid-19th century. It spread westward with American migration after the Mexican-American War[2].

3. Measles and tuberculosis were also devastating to Native American populations during this time period[2].

4. The spread of these diseases was often exacerbated by factors such as limited access to clean water, poor healthcare infrastructure, and the disruption of traditional lifestyles[2][4].

5. While not specific to Pocahontas County, the search results indicate that Native American populations across the United States were severely impacted by these diseases, with some tribes losing significant portions of their population[2][4].

It's important to note that by the time of the Civil War, the Native American population in Pocahontas County had already been largely displaced through disease and conflict[1]. Therefore, the impact of diseases during the Civil War era in this specific county may have been limited due to the reduced Native American presence.

Citations:
[1] [PDF] Heritage Resources - Forest Service https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fsm9_011068.pdf
[2] Pandemics on the Plains - National Park youService https://www.nps.gov/foun/learn/historyculture/pandemics-on-the-plains.htm
[3] Historical Sketches Pocahontas County, West Virginia https://www.okielegacy.net/journal/tabloid/?ID=7367&iss=27&vol=16
[4] Native American disease and epidemics - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics
[5] Pocahontas County,West Virginia Genealogy Trails History of ... http://genealogytrails.com/wva/pocahontas/history.htm
How did the Civil War era diseases affect the daily life and traditions of Native Americans in Pocahontas County



1. By the time of the Civil War, the Native American population in Pocahontas County had already been largely displaced through disease and conflict[1]. This suggests that the impact of Civil War era diseases on Native Americans in the county was likely minimal due to their reduced presence.

2. Diseases like smallpox, cholera, measles, and tuberculosis devastated Native American populations across the United States during this period[2]. These diseases disrupted traditional lifestyles and social structures.

3. When tribes recognized an epidemic was present, they often abandoned communal living and fled in small groups to outlying areas as a form of social distancing[2]. This practice would have disrupted traditional gatherings and ceremonies.

4. The spread of diseases contributed to the decline of Native American populations and their traditional ways of life. For example, the Comanches, who numbered around 20,000 in the late 1700s, were reduced to 2,000 by the end of the 1800s due to diseases and other factors[2].

5. The presence of Army medicine and fort infirmaries in the region was not necessarily beneficial for Native Americans, as many avoided Western medical care, preferring traditional tribal remedies[2].

While these points provide a general understanding of how diseases affected Native American populations during this era, it's important to note that the specific impact on Native Americans in Pocahontas County is not clearly documented in the provided search results.

Citations:
[1] [PDF] Heritage Resources - Forest Service https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fsm9_011068.pdf
[2] Pandemics on the Plains - National Park Service https://www.nps.gov/foun/learn/historyculture/pandemics-on-the-plains.htm
[3] Historical Sketches Pocahontas County, West Virginia https://www.okielegacy.net/journal/tabloid/?ID=7367&iss=27&vol=16
[4] 200 years of Pocahontas History: Past, Present, and ... - WVNS https://www.wvnstv.com/top-stories/200-years-of-pocahontas-history-past-present-and-celebratory-future/
[5] Pocahontas County,West Virginia Genealogy Trails History of ... http://genealogytrails.com/wva/pocahontas/history.htm

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History of Pocahontas County Book

  A History of Pocahontas County: From Ancient Trails to the Iron Horse Introduction: The Mountain Crucible The history of Pocahontas County...

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