Jottings from the Williams River Gazette--Important People in Pocahontas County

 

Additional information about the people and places mentioned in our conversation history includes:

Judge McClintic

• Judge McClintic was the new owner of the 745 acres on Swago Creek that William Ewing surveyed in 1782.
• He was attending the meeting of the American Bar Association.

Sampson Mathews

• Sampson Mathews was the grandfather of Judge McClintic and was an early surveyor of Pocahontas County [conversation history].
• Sampson Mathews' daughter, Mary Warwick, married Sampson Mathews, and they occupied the old Warwick homestead at Dunmore [conversation history].
• A great-grandson of Sampson Mathews, Charles Cameron, was a popular and well-known citizen of his county [conversation history].
• Sampson Mathews was a possible commander of a company at Point Pleasant [conversation history].
• The first survey of Pocahontas County was done by Sampson Mathews.

Pocahontas County

• Pocahontas County has a rich history of people who have rendered the county special service, despite some omissions, errors and incomplete material.
• Pocahontas County is the third largest in point of size in the state and has three different geographic zones of outcropping rocks.
• The area now known as Pocahontas County was once a place where it was rare for corn to ripen.
• West Pocahontas coal is equal to the New River coking coal, which is the nearest coking coal to the iron producing centers of the two Virginias.
• The county was once surveyed by Sampson Mathews.
• A war fund committee in Pocahontas County asked for citizens to contribute liberally.
• The Pocahontas County War Fund Committee was chaired by Harper M. Smith.
• The county has a Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) Camp called Camp Thornwood, established in 1933 and leased from the US Government.
• There is a special sale of commissioners in Marlinton, West Virginia.
• A notice in Marlinton, W. Va., states that Lena Colson will crochet work for Christmas.
• The county had a number of families who owned and cleared land, including the Moore family.

Marlinton

• Marlinton is a town located on the Greenbrier River.
• Marlinton was formerly known as Marlin's Bottom.
• There is a special sale of commissioners in Marlinton, West Virginia.
• Lena Colson, who crochets work for Christmas, lives in Marlinton, W. Va.
• The town of Marlinton had a field of corn that was looking very promising, owned by Major William Poage around 1810.
• The West Marlinton school was once used by the colored people as their church.
• There is a salt sulphur well in Marlinton that has high mineral content, especially of sodium chloride.
• The Greenbrier River near Marlinton had discharge measurements done in 1910.

Other People

• William Moore and his wife came to the area around 1780 and built a home on the bank where the church stands. They were not related to other Moores of the county. They lived and died in this home and were buried on the east side of the creek below the grove of pine trees.
• Moses Moore is one of the pioneers of the county who will be remembered.
• Phebe Moore, daughter of Moses Moore, was esteemed for her piety, sound sense, and business energy. She attended a mill, sometimes running it day and night.
• Robert Moore, son of Moses Moore, married a Miss McCollam and lived at Edray.
• Rev. Geo. P. Moore and Samuel B. Moore, both residents of Edray, are great-grandsons of Moses Moore.
• Aaron Moore, son of Moses Moore, lived on the Greenbrier, above Marlinton.
• A Mr. Cole married Rebecca Moore and lived in Rockbridge.
• Mrs. Moore was the daughter of Thomas Beale, who came from Maryland after the War of 1812 and who was a defender of Baltimore during the war.
• William Poage lived in Marlin's Bottom (now Marlinton) around 1810.
• A neighbor asked William Poage how much corn he would make on his field.
• The Flemmens family opened what is now known as the "Rosser Place," buying 4,000 acres from Isaac Gregory.
• John Simpson was a pioneer who gave land for a church.
• John R. Commons wrote an introduction to a work that described the mining situation in West Virginia.
• Mr. Edwin F. Gay was president of the New York Evening Post, Inc..
• Mr. Joseph G. Bradley was a non-union coal operator in West Virginia.
• Mr. J. N. Schweitzer was the general superintendent of the Lundale Coal Company.
• John Alexander of Marlinton provided information regarding a salt sulphur well.
• Froehling and Robertson, chemists of Richmond, Virginia, analyzed the salt sulphur well.
• Calvin Price and Edward Moore of Marlinton used the Droop Mountain Spring.
• B.B. Kaplan, a chemist, analyzed the Droop Mountain Spring.
• A letter from Judge George W. McClintic is referenced in an article.

Other Places

• The area around the Alleghany Mountains has a diverse geology and is rich in minerals.
• Huntersville was a lively location during court and muster days.
• The town of Huntersville had a road to the Confederate Post at Monterey, VA.
• There is a town called Dahlonega in Georgia that is known for being the wealthiest gold region in the United States.
• There are many mineral springs in the area, including the Droop Mountain Spring, which is located on the eastern end of Droop Mountain.
• The area of Greenbrier, WV, has various limestone deposits.
• The Greenbrier River has a moderate rate of fall and several narrows where dams could be built.
• A branch line of a railroad extended up Meadown Creek to a band mill of the St. Lawrence Boom and Manufacturing Co.
• The headwaters of the North Fork of Anthony Creek and the headwaters of Douthat Creek divide at the Dock.
• The town of Edray was where Robert Moore lived.
• The town of Dunmore was where the Warwick homestead was located [conversation history].
• The Warm Springs area has aqueous rocks, and it is 15 miles from a mountain area with a different geology.
• Rockbridge Alum Springs was analyzed by Dr. Aug. A. Hayes of Boston in 1852.
• Bedford Springs in Pennsylvania was analyzed by Dr. Church.
• The White Sulphur Springs has a nearby Chalybeate spring that is used as an iron tonic.

Other

• There are notices regarding special sales and crochet work in the area.
• There was an A&P company that distributed $1,500,000 in compensation.
• There was a time when scrip was used in mining camps, and miners would use the scrip at company owned establishments.
• There was a time when company stores were the only options for miners due to "company owned" land.
• There were instances where deputy sheriffs were paid by coal operators.
• "Yellow Dog" contracts were used in the mining industry.
• The United Mine Workers of America were involved in a case that went to the Supreme Court regarding contracts.
• There are a number of recipes included in the sources, including ones for mock turkey, almond squares, coffee cake and cornstarch cake.
• The book "The Daughter of the Elm" was about a secret shadow at many a fireside.
• A description of a mine notes that they are using artesian wells to produce about two thousand bushels of salt a day.

This expanded summary should provide more context about the people and places in your previous queries.

Josiah Beard

 

Josiah Beard's life is detailed in the sources as follows:

• Ancestry and Early Life: Josiah Beard was the son of John Beard, the pioneer of Renicks Valley, Greenbrier County. The Beard family was of Scotch-Irish descent. John Beard settled in Renicks Valley around 1770. Josiah was one of five sons and six daughters in his family.
• Marriage and Family: Josiah Beard married Rachel Cameron Poage, the eldest daughter of Major William Poage of Marlins Bottom. Their family consisted of eight sons and three daughters.
• Public Service: Josiah Beard was the first clerk of Pocahontas County after its organization and served during its formative period. He also served as a ruling Elder in the Falling Spring Church in Greenbrier County at the age of 18.
• Personal Characteristics: Josiah Beard was a person of fine mind and good education, which he improved through reading and reflection. He was described as gentle in manners but possessing a strong will. He also kept well informed on current events through reading newspapers and magazines. He was known to be very intelligent and well informed.
• Military Service: During the Civil War, despite being over seventy years of age, Josiah Beard was taken prisoner by Federal troops. He was so angered by something that was said that he challenged the entire squad to single combat.
• Religious Involvement: He was a ruling elder in the Falling Spring Church in Greenbrier County.
• Residence: Josiah Beard lived on Locust Creek.
• Family Details:
  • His eldest son, William T. Beard, was well-educated and became an honored and influential citizen. His wife was Mary, the only daughter of Richard McNeel.
  • Henry Moffett Beard was a Lieutenant in the Confederate service and became a prosperous farmer.
  • Samuel J. Beard resided in Missouri for a long time.
  • Joel Early Beard died in the Confederate service.
• Additional context:
  • Josiah’s sister, Elizabeth Beard, married George W. Poage.
  • Josiah's brother, Samuel Beard, was married to a sister of Rebecca Walkup.
  • His daughter, Margaret Jane Beard, was married to Captain William L. McNeel.
  • His daughter, Miriam Nancy, was married to Isaac McNeel.
  • His daughter-in-law, Mrs. Grace Clark Price was one of the publishers of the book "Historical Sketches of Pocahontas County".
  • His grandson Thomas Summers is Prosecuting Attorney for Pocahontas County and another grandson Harvey Winters McNeel is a physician at Hillsboro.
• Josiah Beard's wife Rachel Poage was the eldest daughter of Major William Poage of Marlins Bottom.

In summary, Josiah Beard was a prominent figure in Pocahontas County, known for his service as the first clerk, his strong character, his religious devotion, and his family's contributions to the community. He was well-educated and intelligent and actively involved in both local government and the church.

The Waugh family history

 

The Waugh family history, as detailed in the sources, is extensive and spans multiple generations, primarily in the area of Pocahontas County, West Virginia. The Waughs were of Scotch-Irish descent and were among the early settlers of the region.

Here is a summary of key figures and their families:

• James Waugh, the Senior: He was the Scotch-Irish emigrant who was among the first to open land and build a home in "The Hills". His wife's name is not given in the sources.

  • Samuel Waugh: A son of James Waugh, Sr., he settled on a farm in "The Hills" around 1774. He married Mary McGuire. They had a large family of nine sons and five daughters, all of whom lived to adulthood. None of his sons were known to use tobacco or alcohol. He was also an original member of the old Mount Zion Church.
  • James Waugh, the second: Another son of James Waugh, Sr., he married Rebecca McGuire from Pennsylvania.
    • Their son, James Waugh, the third, married Sally Cochran, the daughter of John Cochran. His second wife was Hannah Lamb.
  • Other children of James Waugh, Sr. included:
    • Lorenza Waugh
    • Morgan Waugh, who went to Kanawha County.
    • Allen Waugh, who went to Missouri.
    • Isabella Waugh, who married John Brock and settled in Kanawha County.
    • Marcus Waugh, who married Susan Johnson and settled on a farm near the Waugh homestead.

• Children of Samuel and Mary McGuire Waugh:

  • Elizabeth Waugh married Caleb Knapp, and settled in Greenbrier County before moving to Knapps Creek, then the Greenbrier.
    • Her daughter Ann Knapp married Richard B. Weir.
    • Her daughter Nancy Knapp married Henry Shrader.
    • Other children included Eleanor Knapp, who married Sampson Buzzard; Elizabeth Knapp, who married Peter Shrader; and Margaret Knapp, who married McCoy Malcomb.
  • Rebecca Waugh married Andrew Moore and lived near Frost before moving to Stony Creek and later Jackson County.
  • Rev. John Waugh married Martha Moore and settled on the Indian Draft near Edray. He was known as a skillful worker in metals. His sons were Levi, Beverly, and John, and his daughters were Mrs. Ewing Johnson and Mrs. Richard Mayse.
  • Robert Waugh, a schoolteacher, was disabled by a rheumatic affection.
  • William Waugh married a woman from Missouri and then settled there.
  • Alexander Waugh married Annie Cochran and settled in Nicholas County.
  • Arthur Waugh married Henrietta Boswell and settled in Kanawha County.
  • Jacob Waugh married Sarah Ann Gay and took charge of the Duffield mill near Edray. His son, S.D. Waugh, later operated the mill.
  • Beverly Waugh married Martha Bradshaw and lived near Robert Shrader's place before moving to the Levels. His children were Mrs. Kenney Wade and John E. Waugh. He led the Mount Zion class for 16 years.
  • Other daughters of Samuel Waugh included Margaret Waugh, who married Samuel Martin, and Mary Ann Waugh, who married Reuben Buzzard.

• Additional Notes on Waughs:

  • A family of Waughs were members of the early Methodist and Presbyterian churches in Hillsboro.
  • Some Waughs settled in Upshur County.
  • Some Waughs served in the Confederate Army
  • Some Waughs are buried in the Old Stone Church cemetery in Lewisburg.
  • Some Waughs were known for their skills as teachers, ministers, and mechanics.
  • The Waughs are described as having a strong work ethic and being of strong moral character.

This summary highlights the main branches and notable individuals within the Waugh family, demonstrating their significant presence and influence in Pocahontas County history. The Waughs were known for their pioneering spirit, their strong family ties, their community involvement, and their contributions to the area’s development.

Obituaries

 

The sources mention numerous survivors, often in the context of obituaries or family histories. Here are some examples of the survivors listed in the sources, categorized by their relationships to the deceased:

Spouses:

• Mrs. Sadie Vance was survived by her husband.
• Mrs. H.M Slaven was survived by her husband.
• Mrs. Bettie Sharp was survived by her husband, Abram Sharp.
• Mrs. John Friel was survived by her husband, John Friel.
• Mrs. William J. Cackley was survived by her husband.
• Mrs. John Ruckman was survived by her husband, John W. Ruckman.
• Mary Ruckman was survived by her husband, Jacob Cackley.
• Mrs. Mary Vance was survived by her husband, Mr. Vance.
• Mrs. Andrew Kee was a survivor, being the only survivor of her family.
• Mrs. Jacob Gibson was survived by her husband, Jacob Gibson.
• Mrs. William Davis Grimes was survived by her widow.
• Mrs. Betsey Bright was survived by her husband, Joseph Levisay.

Children:

• Sadie Vance was survived by her daughter, Mary, and one son.
• Mrs. H.M Slaven was survived by two daughters, Mrs. Eugene Rodgers, and Mrs. S. Stephenson.
• Mrs. R.E Wandless was survived by her six children.
• Mrs. Jacob Warwick was survived by her children.
• Mrs. Elizabeth Moore was survived by her children.
• John Arbogast was survived by a widow and three sons.
• David Ruckman was survived by his children: Kate, Lucy, Anna Laurie, Margerie, Sarah, David Glendye and Samuel Ruckman.
• Joseph Friel was survived by his children: Jeremiah, William, George Washington, Hannah and Mary Ann.
• Josiah Friel was survived by his children Ann, Sally, Mrs Nancy Grimes, Ellen, John and Israel.
• John Friel was survived by his children: James Twyman, Josiah Franklin, William Thomas, Mary Jane, Mary Frances, and Catherine.
• Mrs. Bettie Sharp was survived by her children: Hannibal Hamlin, Charles Hanson, David Franklin, George Winters, Summers Hedrick, Austin John, Trudie Montgomery, Isa Amanda and Esta Medora.
• Charles Grimes was survived by his children John Wesley, Morgan, William Davis, Susan L, Loretta Jane, Rachel A. and Martha S. Grimes.
• George Grimes was survived by his children: Rettie, Scott, Granville, William, Esta and Ziona.
• Jacob Gibson was survived by his children: Elizabeth, Mary, and Nancy.
• David Hannah was survived by his children: Sarah Hannah.
• Elizabeth Burgess was survived by her children.
• James Auldridge was survived by his children: George, Malinda, Hanson, and Eliza.
• Michael Cleek was survived by his children: Elizabeth, Barbara and Violet.
• Jacob Gum was survived by his children: Brown, William, Filmore, Woods, Agnes and Caroline.
• Robert N. Gum was survived by his children: William, John, Joseph, Elizabeth, Anna and Blanche.
• John Sutton was survived by his children: who died in Iowa; John Sutton, Enoch H., Bryson, Rachel, Martha, and Agnes.
• Jacob Gillispie was survived by nine daughters and six sons.
• David L. Ruckman was survived by his children Clarissa, Mary, Catherine, and David Ruckman, Jr..
• Isaiah Curry was survived by his children: Sally, Elizabeth, and Anna.
• Adam Young was survived by his sons John Young and Adam Young.
• Alexander Sharp was survived by his daughter, Mrs Hannah Johnson.
• Eli Bussard was survived by his children, Arminius, Laura and Phoebe.
• Solomon Bussard was survived by his children, Wesley and Rachel.
• James Tallman's children are listed as Thomas, John, and Robert.

Grandchildren:

• Mrs. Louise McNeill had a granddaughter who wrote poems.

Other Relatives:

• Mrs. R.E Wandless was survived by her sister, Mrs. W.E. Scott.
• Mrs. Sarah Jane Vance was survived by a sister and a half sister.
• Mrs. James W. Johnston was survived by two brothers, John and Andrew.
• Mrs. Joyce Ward was survived by her sister, Mrs. Victor Collins.
• Mrs. Henry Brown was survived by her brother, Lester Burner.
• Mrs. Worden Rose was survived by her brother-in-law, Dr. Ryan.

These are just some of the survivors mentioned in the sources, and they highlight the strong family and community ties that were prevalent during the time period. The obituaries and family histories provide valuable insights into the social structures and relationships of Pocahontas County.

The Iron Mountain and Greenbrier Railroad

 

The Iron Mountain and Greenbrier Railroad was a significant part of the history of the region, and its development is detailed in the sources.

Establishment and Purpose

• The railroad was incorporated to construct and operate a railway in West Virginia.
• The railroad was planned to run from near the mouth of Beaver Creek in Pocahontas County to a point at or near White Sulphur Springs in Greenbrier County.
• The principal business office of the corporation was located in Ronceverte, Greenbrier County.
• The railroad was intended to be a perpetual corporation.
• The capital stock was set at $100,000, divided into shares of $100 each.
• The construction work began in July.

Construction and Operation

• Daniel O'Connell supervised the construction as far as Neola.
• The railroad ran to the right of Midland Trail (U.S. 60), crossed it near the east end of White Sulphur Springs, and then followed the left of the highway until the Buskirk farm area. From there, it went up Howards Creek to the Divide and down Flemings Run to Alvon. At Alvon it crossed the road to the left and followed up Anthony Creek to Neola.
• The railroad was later extended about 14 miles up the North Fork of Anthony Creek to The Dock.
• Another branch line extended one and a half miles up Meadow Creek to a band mill.
• The total length of the railroad was about 36 miles.
• The railroad was initially called the Iron Mountain and Greenbrier Railroad, but was later changed to the White Sulphur and Huntersville Railroad.
• The railroad transported logs to Ronceverte, where they were milled.
• The railroad also transported iron ore.
• A local freight service was also operated, transporting lumber and other goods.
• The railroad had passenger stops at Montague Docks, Maple Drive, Divide, Wylie Crossing, Alvon, Shyrock, and Neola.
• There was one round trip passenger train per day between White Sulphur Springs and Neola.

Personnel and Labor

• Daniel O'Connell supervised the construction of the railroad and also oversaw timbering operations.
• Frank Hauck of Ronceverte managed the railroad.
• Mike Hennessy was the conductor from the first passenger run until the railroad was abandoned.
• Fred Nihoof was the first engineer on the railroad.
• Edgar Brackman followed Nihoof as an engineer.
• George Clark was an engine hostler.
• Many laborers worked on the construction and operation of the railroad.

Challenges and Difficulties

• The track was not in first-class condition, with little or no ballast, contributing to derailments.
• The company did not own a derrick, so wrecks had to be cleared using cables and jacks.
• The railroad experienced derailments and other accidents.
• A flood in 1918 washed out parts of the track.
• Wages were never high, and working hours were long.

Decline and Abandonment

• The railroad ceased operation in 1929.
• The rails were removed and sold for scrap, some of which were shipped to China.

Related Businesses and Activities

• The Thomas J. Shyrock Lumber Company purchased timber land in the area and shipped logs to Ronceverte.
• The St. Lawrence Boom and Manufacturing Company manufactured logs at Ronceverte.
• The Dana-Guthrie Lumber Company was in charge of timbering at Neola.
• A.E. Huddleston operated the Mountain Milling Company and the first electric power plant in White Sulphur Springs.
• There was also a grist mill on Anthony Creek.
• The railroad also facilitated the operation of early splash dams.
• There was a local hardware and furniture store started by Rufus Bowling near the railroad's right-of-way.

The Iron Mountain and Greenbrier Railroad played a crucial role in the development of the region, supporting the lumber and mining industries and facilitating transportation.

Pocahontas County's past

 

Pocahontas County's past has been shaped by the interactions of various groups, including Native Americans, European settlers, and different ethnic and religious groups, as well as by economic and political forces.

Native Americans

• The region that now includes Pocahontas County was once home to Native American tribes, primarily the Shawnee. The Shawnee used the Ohio Valley as their home base and would come into the area to hunt and defend their hunting grounds.
• There were also other tribes, such as the Ottawas.
• The relationship between the pioneers and the Native Americans was marked by conflict and hostility, with many instances of violence.
• Leaders like Pontiac, Chief of the Ottawas, and Cornstalk, Killbuck, and Crane of the Shawnee, were formidable foes of the settlers.
• Some scholars have theorized about the origins of Native Americans, with some suggesting a Hebrew origin. However, the consensus is that the question of their origin is still perplexing, and no one theory has been proven as fact.
• The French had a different approach to the Native Americans, often living with them and taking Native American wives, whereas the British colonists cleared the land and pushed them away.

European Settlers

• The first European settlers in the area were of English or Scotch-Irish descent.
• Pocahontas County was formed in 1821 from parts of Bath, Pendleton, and Randolph counties.
• The county's formation was a result of the expansion of European settlements into the region.
• Pioneers came to the area seeking refuge from civil and religious wrongs, and were attracted by the availability of land.
• The early settlers faced many hardships, including conflicts with Native Americans, and the need to build forts for defense.
• The first people to spend a winter in Pocahontas County were Jacob Marlin and Stephen Sewall in 1750-51.
• Jacob Warwick played a key role in a battle against Cornstalk and his warriors.
• Many people living in Pocahontas County today are descendants of those who assisted in the construction of early forts.

Ethnic and Religious Groups

• The population of Pocahontas County is made up of various ethnic groups, including English, French, Welsh, and Irish.
• The majority of the population is of Scotch-Irish or English-Irish descent.
• The area attracted those seeking religious freedom, including French Huguenots, who had fled France.
• The blending of these various ethnic groups resulted in a composite citizenship, versatile in their tastes and aptitudes.
• There was a significant influx of Scotch-Irish immigrants to the region.

Economic and Political Forces

• The county was initially a frontier region, where the main activities were hunting and bartering.
• Huntersville, the first county seat, was a major trading place, attracting people from both east and west.
• Lumber camps were established in the region, particularly east of the Greenbrier River.
• The construction of railroads in the late 1800s and early 1900s was a major development in the county's history, transforming it from one of the few counties without rail to one with the greatest rail mileage in the state.
• The rise of coal mining also had a significant impact on the region.
• The influence of the local government, especially the county court, was significant in the development and management of the county.

Civil War Era

• Pocahontas County was impacted by the Civil War, with soldiers enlisting on both sides of the conflict.
• The area was the site of several skirmishes and battles, including the battle of Droop Mountain.
• There were instances of violence and lawlessness during the Civil War period, including lynchings.
• Some citizens were accused of being Union sympathizers.
• The county records were moved multiple times for safekeeping during the war.

These interactions, conflicts, and collaborations among different groups have shaped the history and character of Pocahontas County. The county's story is not just of individual events, but also the story of how various groups created a unique cultural landscape.

Pocahontas County's past

 

Pocahontas County's past has been shaped by the interactions of various groups, including Native Americans, European settlers, and different ethnic and religious groups, as well as by economic and political forces.

Native Americans

• The region that now includes Pocahontas County was once home to Native American tribes, primarily the Shawnee. The Shawnee used the Ohio Valley as their home base and would come into the area to hunt and defend their hunting grounds.
• There were also other tribes, such as the Ottawas.
• The relationship between the pioneers and the Native Americans was marked by conflict and hostility, with many instances of violence.
• Leaders like Pontiac, Chief of the Ottawas, and Cornstalk, Killbuck, and Crane of the Shawnee, were formidable foes of the settlers.
• Some scholars have theorized about the origins of Native Americans, with some suggesting a Hebrew origin. However, the consensus is that the question of their origin is still perplexing, and no one theory has been proven as fact.
• The French had a different approach to the Native Americans, often living with them and taking Native American wives, whereas the British colonists cleared the land and pushed them away.

European Settlers

• The first European settlers in the area were of English or Scotch-Irish descent.
• Pocahontas County was formed in 1821 from parts of Bath, Pendleton, and Randolph counties.
• The county's formation was a result of the expansion of European settlements into the region.
• Pioneers came to the area seeking refuge from civil and religious wrongs, and were attracted by the availability of land.
• The early settlers faced many hardships, including conflicts with Native Americans, and the need to build forts for defense.
• The first people to spend a winter in Pocahontas County were Jacob Marlin and Stephen Sewall in 1750-51.
• Jacob Warwick played a key role in a battle against Cornstalk and his warriors.
• Many people living in Pocahontas County today are descendants of those who assisted in the construction of early forts.

Ethnic and Religious Groups

• The population of Pocahontas County is made up of various ethnic groups, including English, French, Welsh, and Irish.
• The majority of the population is of Scotch-Irish or English-Irish descent.
• The area attracted those seeking religious freedom, including French Huguenots, who had fled France.
• The blending of these various ethnic groups resulted in a composite citizenship, versatile in their tastes and aptitudes.
• There was a significant influx of Scotch-Irish immigrants to the region.

Economic and Political Forces

• The county was initially a frontier region, where the main activities were hunting and bartering.
• Huntersville, the first county seat, was a major trading place, attracting people from both east and west.
• Lumber camps were established in the region, particularly east of the Greenbrier River.
• The construction of railroads in the late 1800s and early 1900s was a major development in the county's history, transforming it from one of the few counties without rail to one with the greatest rail mileage in the state.
• The rise of coal mining also had a significant impact on the region.
• The influence of the local government, especially the county court, was significant in the development and management of the county.

Civil War Era

• Pocahontas County was impacted by the Civil War, with soldiers enlisting on both sides of the conflict.
• The area was the site of several skirmishes and battles, including the battle of Droop Mountain.
• There were instances of violence and lawlessness during the Civil War period, including lynchings.
• Some citizens were accused of being Union sympathizers.
• The county records were moved multiple times for safekeeping during the war.

These interactions, conflicts, and collaborations among different groups have shaped the history and character of Pocahontas County. The county's story is not just of individual events, but also the story of how various groups created a unique cultural landscape.

Battle of Cheat Mountain

 

• The Confederates hurried an army to meet the Federal forces, establishing their foremost post at Travellers Repose [1, 2]. This Confederate force included troops from Arkansas, Virginia, Georgia, and other states [1, 2]. Among these was the 31st Virginia, whose home company was from Green Bank District [1, 2].
• The Federal army was camped on the high divide of Cheat Mountain at an elevation of about forty-two hundred feet [3]. The Confederates were camped about forty-one hundred feet, laying there for months in sight of each other [3].

Fortifications and Strategy

• The fortifications at Valley and Middle Mountains were made based on a report by William Skeem, a lawyer from Huntersville, who indicated that the railroad at Millboro was exposed to attack [4-7].
• Robert E. Lee was sent to Pocahontas to build fortifications [4-7]. He arrived at Valley Mountain on August 8, 1861 [4-7].
• The fortifications were on Valley Mountain, and Lee's camp was south of the pass through Middle Mountain [4-7].
• The Confederates aimed to present an army marching behind them by way of the North Fork road and the Greenbank Mountain road [8, 9].
• Pickets on the North Fork road decided to blockade it to ensure that the enemy could not get in the rear [8, 9].
• The soldiers cut down the mammoth hemlock across the road for about four miles, said to be the largest blockade in the war [8, 9]. It reportedly took two years to cut the road and each man worked about four days [8, 9]. The Greenbank mountain road was also blockaded [8, 9].
• The Union and Confederate forces faced each other for about two months, waiting for the other to give battle [10-13].
• In mid-September, Lee planned to attack the fortifications at Elkwater [10-13].

September Engagements

• In September, the Confederates attempted to pass the Federal fortifications by going through the woods, but got lost and had a battle, and were forced back [3].
• Lee ordered the army from Camp Bartow to climb Back Allegheny, leave the road and silently pass Whites Top through the spruce woods to fall in behind the fortifications [10-13].
• A part of the army was to stay and watch the army at White Top to prevent them from joining other Union forces [10-13].
• The rest of the army from Camp Bartow were to drop down into Tygarts Valley and march up stream and attack the Elkwater fortifications in the rear, while Lee marched down and attacked the front [10-13].
• The attack on Elkwater failed because the mountains took a hand in it [14-17]. The soldiers were cold, lost, and bewildered [14-17]. They threw away their guns and engaged in a mad scramble to get out [14-17].
• On September 14, the firing began early in the morning and continued until nightfall when the Federals withdrew and fell back to Cheat Mountain summit [18, 19].
• The Confederate loss was thirty-six killed, while the Federal losses are unknown [18, 19].
• The Confederates fell back to Camp Allegheny, and after being reinforced, fortified a strong natural position under Colonel John Baldwin [18, 19].
• In December, the Federals attacked again and the engagement continued throughout the day, resulting in the repulse of the Federals [18, 19].
• General McClellan assumed command of the Federal forces in Western Virginia on June 23, 1861, and began a series of movements which met with no successful resistance [18, 19]. He marched against General Pegrim, who had taken a strong position on Rich Mountain [18, 19].

Other Key Details

• The area was heavily wooded with spruce and laurel [10-13].
• The mountains and woods made troop movement difficult [10-13].
• The soldiers at Cheat Mountain were volunteers and amateurs in the art of war [4-7].
• Many of the Confederate soldiers were lowlanders who had never seen a mountain before [4-7].
• The summer of 1861 saw one of the biggest rains and produced major floods [14-17].
• The new soldiers drilled and trained in sight of each other on these high tops [3].
• The Federal army was camped on the high divide of Cheat Mountain at an elevation of about forty-two hundred feet [3].
• The Confederates were camped at an elevation of about forty-one hundred feet [3].

The Battle of Cheat Mountain involved strategic positioning and maneuvers by both sides, with the terrain playing a significant role in the outcomes of the engagements.

A Dam on the Greenbrier

 

 The sources describe a dam on the Greenbrier River and the events surrounding its construction and impact. Here's an account of the dam:

*   **Purpose and Construction:** The dam, referred to as the **Splash Dam**, was built by the St. Lawrence Company. The purpose of the dam was to facilitate the **transport of logs** down the river. The construction involved considerable labor, material, and expense, requiring the work of several teams of men. The dam was built **eleven feet high** and of a solid construction.

*   **Features of the Dam:**  The dam could hold back **three miles** of water, creating a large area for the impoundment of logs.

*   **First Rafting:**  The first rafting of logs from this dam took place in the month of March, with rafts coming from various points in the county. The start of the rafting season was hampered by a heavy rain, which made the river too high, and the logs were difficult to control. The water was so high that the splash dam was not needed.

*  **Hazards of the Dam:** The sources also note that the **chute created a hazard** due to the force of the water, causing rafts to break apart as they went through the chute. The rapid current was considered dangerous, with logs going up to 20 feet in the air and sometimes breaking apart.

*   **Concerns and Modifications:** There were concerns that the dam was not properly built. It was decided that the river should run until material changes were made to the dam.

*  **Additional Details**: The dam was also referred to as being a dam on the West Fork river.

In summary, the Splash Dam on the Greenbrier River was constructed to aid in the transport of logs, and while the initial rafting efforts were met with some success, it was also found that the dam and chute were hazardous and required modifications to ensure safe passage.

The Clover Creek Cavern

 

The sources provide an account of an exploration of a cave on Clover Creek. Here is a summary of the exploration:

• Discovery and Initial Exploration: The notice of the cave's discovery on Captain Walt Allan's land appeared in "The Times". A correspondent was part of a party of six who explored the cave, going in about 350 feet.
•  
• Descent into the Cave: The explorers first went down a grade and then a level for a short distance before encountering a descent of 18 feet made using a pole. After a level space, they found another descent of 30 feet, which they navigated with a rope.
•  
• Further Exploration: After crawling through a small passage, the party entered a larger cavern, which was about 100 feet. There was an offset where they used a lantern to see 62 feet further before reaching the bottom of that space. They could not throw a stone to the end of the last cavern.
•  
• Cave Features: There was plenty of water in the cave, and the formations from the drippings were in all shapes and colors and hard as flint. Some formations were 6-12 inches long and in the shape of a pipe stem, perfectly hollow and easily broken. Others were in the shape of a blacksmith's mandril and stand 12-24 inches high.
•  
• Future Plans: The explorers wanted to make another exploration soon to see what more could be found out about the cave.

In summary, the cave exploration on Clover Creek involved a descent of over 350 feet, using poles and ropes to navigate, and the explorers encountered various formations in the cave, which contained water. They planned to explore the cave further at a later date.

An AI produced story (Extrapolationed)

 

The fading light of day struggled to penetrate the darkened room where Mrs. N.S. Duffield lay, her frail form barely visible beneath the worn quilt. Her once vibrant spirit was now dimmed, a mere flicker in the face of relentless pain. The once familiar contours of her side were now distorted, a grotesque reminder of the insidious affliction that had taken root within her.

For weeks, the pain had gnawed at her, a relentless torment that sapped her strength and will. Doctors, confounded by the elusive nature of her ailment, had initially suspected a simple abscess, a localized infection easily remedied. Yet, as days turned into weeks, the pain intensified, and Mrs. Duffield's health deteriorated.

A desperate measure, an aspiration, was undertaken to drain the infected area. A horrifying amount of pus was extracted, a testament to the severity of the underlying condition. Weakened and vulnerable, Mrs. Duffield clung to life, her body ravaged by the unseen enemy.

It was then that the true horror of her plight was revealed. A meticulous examination by Dr. Cunningham uncovered a macabre scene: a fractured rib, a diseased spine, and countless fragments of bone, each a silent witness to the relentless progression of her illness. The once sturdy frame of Mrs. Duffield was now a fragile vessel, its integrity compromised by the insidious disease.

With a heavy heart, Dr. Cunningham, assisted by the skilled Mrs. C.A. Yeager, prepared for the arduous task ahead. Under the influence of chloroform, Mrs. Duffield was transported to a realm of oblivion, a temporary respite from her suffering. The surgical incision, a stark contrast to the delicate skin it traversed, laid bare the extent of the devastation. The diseased spine, a twisted and gnarled relic, bore witness to the relentless march of decay.

With painstaking precision, Dr. Cunningham removed over a hundred fragments of bone, each a piece of the puzzle that had caused Mrs. Duffield such enduring torment. The discovery of an infected pleural cavity, a cavity that should have been sterile, further complicated the procedure.

As the operation drew to a close, a glimmer of hope emerged. The removal of the diseased tissue and the drainage of the infected cavity offered a chance for healing, a chance for Mrs. Duffield to reclaim her life. Yet, the road to recovery would be long and arduous, filled with uncertainty and potential setbacks.

The news of Mrs. Duffield's condition had spread throughout the community, casting a pall over the hearts of her loved ones. A woman of great character and unwavering faith, she was cherished by her family and admired by her neighbors. Her struggle against such a formidable adversary had ignited a wave of sympathy and concern.

As the sun began its descent, casting long shadows across the land, Mrs. Duffield lay in a state of repose, her body recovering from the ordeal. The future remained uncertain, but hope, a tenacious force, persisted. The prayers of her family and friends, a silent chorus of support, echoed through the night, offering solace and strength in the face of adversity.

A New Newspaper

 

The "Home News" sections of the sources contain a variety of local events and personal updates. Here's a breakdown of the items reported:

• Social Visits and Travel:
  • Miss Ellie Smith was visiting friends.
  • Miss Grace Wade had been visiting.
  • Frank Moore visited Mrs. Bessie Shafter.
  • Mr. and Mrs. J. A. Branner visited friends.
  • Mrs. E. V. Fox had been visiting.
  • Several people from Huntersville were visiting Marlinton.
  • Dr. E. L. Day had returned to Marlinton.
  • Mr. H. G. Horan visited his family.
  • Mr. J.H. Wilson had arrived in Marlinton.
  • Mr. and Mrs. William Callison visited relatives in Frankfort.
  • Mr. Levi Clay was away on business.
  • Mr. and Mrs. Yager visited their son in Baltimore.
  • Several individuals visited friends and relatives in various locations.
  • Misses Lillie and Eva Friel were out driving.
  • Mr. John Hannah visited his daughters in Randolph County.
• Mr. Albert Sharp was keeping a large Newton cow.
  • Mr. and Mrs. Wm. Callison visited relatives.
• Community Activities and Events:
  • A protracted meeting was being conducted by Rev. Dilla.
  • The Gypsies were camped near the church.
  • A camp of Gypsies was noted to have been in the county.
  • A literary society met at the school house in Edray.
  • The Ladies Aid Society of the Presbyterian Church met.
  • A "very commendable move" was made by a young people's organization in Marlinton.
  • A social event was held with the Odd Fellows.
  • A singing association was held in Edray.
  • A spelling contest took place at a school in the district.
  • A school closed for the term.
  • The Mingo races were held.
  • A football game was played between Frost and Oak Grove.
  • The sale of the Warwick Academy was postponed.
  • The Marlinton Musical Association was going to perform.
  • The County Court held a session.
• A debate took place at the school in Mill Point.
• Business and Industry:
  • A new business in Hillsboro was noted.
  • A new store was opening soon in Hillsboro.
  • A sawmill was running steadily.
  • A new flouring mill was mentioned.
• Personal and Family Matters:
  • A man was sick at his home.
  • A man was seriously injured in a runaway.
  • A man was recovering from injuries after being hit by a train.
  • A child was severely burned.
• A man was seriously ill.
  • A woman was severely injured after an accident.
  • A death was reported.
• A marriage was noted.
• A man was having a new house built.
• A man put a new roof on his building.
• A man's barn was burned.
• A family was forced to leave their home because of high water.
• Other News
  • A "rattlesnake story" was recounted.
  • A temporary injunction was granted against the county.
  • There was a discussion about the need for a mail route.
  • The waters of the Greenbrier were unusually low.
  • There were reports of "tramp" sightings.
  • An article discussed the quality of local lumber.
• Incidents and Accidents
  • A man had a narrow escape when the wheel of his buggy broke
  • There was a "runaway" incident with horses.
  • A collision occurred between a buggy and a carriage.

This list provides a glimpse into the daily lives and happenings within the communities covered by these news items, from personal visits and illnesses to community events and local business developments.

--------------------------------------------

(AI Extrapolation_

 

The Mingo races were a significant local event, as detailed in the sources. Here's a summary of the races:

• The Mingo Driving Association held races on Thursday, Friday, and Saturday, and these events seemed to be a big draw for the community. The races took place at the Marlinton Fair Grounds.
• The races featured multiple events, including a one-mile race, which was won by "Dolly Varden", and a race called the "Tu-Cup Race".
• There was a race called the "Marlinton Race," which was described as "well-contested".
• "Dolly Varden" seems to have been a successful horse at the races, winning several races. Another notable horse mentioned is "Judge Tobin".
• The races were well-attended, with a great turnout of spectators. The crowd was enthusiastic, and there was "much merriment".
• "The cigar and umbrella race" was also an event, and the participants were seated before their horses, and had to pick up cigars and umbrellas and keep their seats.
• The races had a variety of officials, including a judge, a starter, and a clerk. Mr. J. Ords served as the starter. The judges included Mr. E. K. Bruce and Mr. A. Lawson.
• The races included both trotting and running contests.
• A race called the "Free-for-all" was part of the competition and was won by "Miss Muffet".
• The "Marlinton vs. Mingo" race was described as a "great contest".
• The "half-mile race" was won by "Mingo".
• The races also featured "stake races," suggesting some level of organized competition.
• There was a "pony race" with several entries.
• The "Marlinton Club" was said to have "won glory" in the contests.
• The Mingo races are described as having been a "grand success".
• The races were seen as an opportunity for "sporting looking nags" to compete.
• The races occurred over several days, and seem to be an annual or semi-annual event.
• A racing "season" was mentioned, suggesting a scheduled series of races.

These details indicate that the Mingo races were a popular and important local sporting event, drawing significant community participation and interest.

 ------------------------------------------------------------------

 

 The sources include a "rattlesnake story" in the "Home News" section. Here is a summary of the story:

• A man named Mr. W. S. Matheny, along with his son, were engaged in building a bridge near where Knapp's Creek joins the Greenbrier River.
• They had placed large timbers at the location for the bridge construction.
• While working, they discovered a large rattlesnake that was "curled up under one of the timbers".
• The snake was described as having "twenty-two rattles", suggesting a very large or old snake.
• Mr. Matheny and his son were able to kill the snake.
• The article notes that the locals are accustomed to encountering snakes, and "rattlesnakes of a very large size" have been seen frequently in the area of the Greenbrier River.
• It is also mentioned that the woods along the Greenbrier River have produced an abundance of rattlesnakes this year.

------------------------------------------------------------- 

 

The sources mention illegal liquor sales as a type of crime that occurred, but do not provide extensive details on specific incidents or cases. Here’s what can be gathered from the sources regarding this issue:

• Illegal liquor sales are listed as one of the crimes reported in the area, alongside murder, theft, assault, forgery, bigamy and arson. This indicates that the sale of alcohol outside of legal channels was an issue of concern for the community and law enforcement.
• One article references a man being arrested for selling liquor illegally. This suggests that there were individuals who were operating outside of the established legal framework for selling alcoholic beverages, and these activities were actively being addressed by law enforcement.
• The mention of illegal liquor sales alongside other crimes such as murder and theft suggests that this issue was taken seriously and considered a significant problem.
• The sources do not describe the nature or extent of the illegal liquor trade in detail, or where or how the illicit sales were being conducted.

Overall, while illegal liquor sales are mentioned as a crime, the sources do not provide significant detail beyond noting that it occurred.

--------------------------------------------------------------

 

The sources provide details about the Hatfield family and their involvement in a feud, though they do not explicitly detail the causes of the feud. Here's what the sources say about the circumstances surrounding the Hatfields:

• "Cap" Hatfield's Reputation: "Cap" Hatfield is described as a "notorious outlaw" and "the worst member of the Hatfield gang". His record is second only to that of his brother "Anse" in the Hatfield-McCoy feud. He is also described as having been charged with a number of "cold-blooded murders".
•  
• "Bad Anse" Hatfield: "Bad Anse" Hatfield is also described as notorious, and the sources imply he was a leader in the feud.
  
•  
• Rewards for Capture: Authorities announced rewards for the capture of the Hatfield family, with "Cap" Hatfield valued at $1,250 and "Bad Anse" and "Jounce" Hatfield each valued at $700. This high value placed on their capture indicates the seriousness of their crimes.
•  
• Perpetual Friendship Vow: "Cap" Hatfield is reported to have killed several people in a row over a game of poker in his house among outlaws, and after which, he "solemnly vowed perpetual friendship". The details of his actions and his vow suggest a volatile and violent nature.
•  
• Location: The Hatfield family's base of operations was in the mountains of Logan County, West Virginia, near the secluded retreat of "Bad Anse" Hatfield. This location suggests an isolated and hard to reach area, which likely contributed to their ability to evade law enforcement.
•  
• Hatfield-McCoy Feud: The sources mention the "Hatfield McCoy feud," placing the ac
• tions of the Hatfields in the context of this well-known conflict. This suggests that the Hatfields' activities were part of a larger, ongoing dispute. The feud was not directly detailed within the sources.

In summary, the sources portray the Hatfields as a violent family of outlaws deeply involved in the infamous Hatfield-McCoy feud. "Cap" Hatfield, in particular, is described as a ruthless individual with a history of murders. While the specific causes of the feud are not detailed, the sources highlight the family's lawlessness and their reputation for violence.

●

"Cap" Hatfield is described as a "notorious outlaw" and the "worst member of the Hatfield gang," though the source notes that he may not have killed as many people as his brother, "Bad Anse"

. "Cap" Hatfield was charged with a number of "cold-blooded murders". He was considered "equal to two of the most famous criminals West Virginia has ever produced". A reward of $700 was offered for his capture

.

●

"Bad Anse" Hatfield is also mentioned as a "notorious outlaw," and his record for murders is noted as being second only to his brother "Cap" Hatfield

. A reward of $700 was offered for the capture of "Bad Anse"

.

●

The source states that the house of "Cap" Hatfield was "near the secluded retreat of 'Bad Anse' Hatfield" in Logan County, West Virginia

. This suggests a close geographical and familial connection between these two figures.

While these are the only two specific individuals named in connection with the Hatfield family, the sources make it clear that they were part of a larger "gang".

------------------------------------------------------------------------

 The portrayal of the Hatfield-McCoy feud in the sources highlights the notoriety and criminal aspects of the conflict, specifically focusing on the Hatfield family's involvement. The newspaper's coverage provides a snapshot of how the feud was perceived by the community at the time, emphasizing the severity of the violence and the outlaw status of some of its key figures.

• Criminal Emphasis: The sources do not delve into the historical causes or complexities of the feud. Rather, the paper frames the Hatfields, particularly "Cap" Hatfield and "Bad Anse" Hatfield, as "notorious outlaws". This focus on their criminal behavior suggests that the paper aimed to portray the feud not just as a conflict between families, but as a series of violent acts by dangerous individuals. The use of terms like "cold-blooded murders" further emphasizes the brutality associated with these figures.
•  
• Sensationalism: The language used in the articles contributes to a sense of sensationalism. Describing "Cap" Hatfield as "the worst member of the Hatfield gang" and "equal to two of the most famous criminals West Virginia has ever produced", helps to create a sense of heightened drama. The mention of rewards being offered for their capture also highlights the high stakes and the public interest in apprehending these men.
•  
• Geographic Context: The sources note that the house of "Cap" Hatfield was "near the secluded retreat of 'Bad Anse' Hatfield" in Logan County, West Virginia. This geographic detail helps to establish the physical proximity of these key figures.
•  
• Limited Scope: The sources offer a limited perspective on the feud, focusing primarily on the criminal actions of the Hatfields. The sources do not offer much on the McCoy family’s side of the conflict, or the broader social and economic factors that contributed to the conflict. This limited scope suggests that the paper's primary concern was to highlight the immediate dangers posed by the Hatfields, rather than provide a comprehensive analysis of the feud.

In summary, the newspaper's portrayal of the Hatfield-McCoy feud is significant because it frames the conflict through a lens of criminality and violence. This emphasis on the outlaw status of "Cap" and "Bad Anse" Hatfield likely served to both inform and captivate the local audience, highlighting the immediate threat posed by these individuals, and making the feud a matter of public concern rather than just a private dispute.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 

 The sources provide information about the Greenbrier Railway Company, detailing its activities and significance in the region:

• Railroad Construction: The Greenbrier Railway Company was actively involved in the construction of a railroad line in the area. The company was focused on building a railway in the northeastern part of the state. The company had a line that was planned to be about eighty miles long, and designed to penetrate coal and timber fields in Greenbrier and Pocahontas counties. The railroad was intended to connect with the Chesapeake & Ohio line at White Sulphur. The company planned for the road to be pushed through to completion as soon as possible.

• Route: The proposed route of the Greenbrier Railway was planned to go from the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway at White Sulphur, through the Dry Fork area, and on to Marlinton. It would cross the Greenbrier River at several points, and include a tunnel near its headwaters. It was also stated that the line would pass through Knapp's Creek and connect with the Dry Fork railroad near the headwaters of the Greenbrier River. One source mentions a route from Marlinton to "Traveler's Repose". A different source indicates the line would go to Durbin.

• Surveying: The company was actively surveying the route for the railroad. Surveying work had been going on since April. The survey work included surveying both sides of the river and was being done for nine miles. The surveyors concluded that a longer route with two tunnels would be more practical. One survey found that the most practical route would require five hundred feet of tunneling. The preliminary survey stakes were placed one hundred feet apart.

• Economic Impact: The construction of the railway was expected to have a significant economic impact on the region. The railroad was intended to transport coal, lumber, and other freight. The new railroad was described as a "most important feeder on the line of the Chesapeake and Ohio". The line was anticipated to provide an outlet to the markets for the area's timber and coal resources. The railroad was expected to increase the value of the land, especially those lands containing iron and manganese. It was noted that the line would allow people to travel to Pittsburg by rail.

• Company Leadership: H. C. Simms was the president of the Greenbrier Railway Company. Other officers included Decatur Axtell, C. E. Welford, L. F. Sullivan, C. E. Potts and F. B. Enslow. J. M. Gill was the director.

• Financial Matters: The Greenbrier Railway Company had a capital stock of $100,000. The company had the ability to create bonds as needed. It was noted that the land to be traversed by the railroad was mostly owned by individuals with the exception of a few large land holders. The company also had to contend with the rising cost of supplies.

• Relationship with other Railroads: The Greenbrier Railway Company was noted as being closely connected to the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad. The company planned to connect their line with the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway. The Greenbrier Railway was considered a feeder line for the Chesapeake and Ohio. The railroad was anticipated to help the Chesapeake & Ohio transport coal. The line was also described as a part of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway system.

• Potential Challenges: The construction of the railroad faced some challenges, including the mountainous terrain, which would require tunneling and substantial grading. The company had to deal with potential lawsuits and damage from their construction.

• Expansion The railroad was also described as a potential extension of the Chesapeake & Ohio Line.

In summary, the Greenbrier Railway Company was a significant entity in the region, focused on building a railroad line to transport coal and timber. The company's activities included surveying, construction, and financial planning, with the aim of connecting the area to broader markets and the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

 

Clover Creek Cave Exploration:

●

Initial Exploration: The exploration of the Clover Creek cave was conducted by a party of six, with a correspondent of The Times among them

. Their primary aim seems to have been to explore and map the cave's features.

●

Methods of Descent: The explorers used a combination of techniques to navigate the cave's vertical passages

. They initially went down a grade for a short distance. They then descended 18 feet using a pole. Following that, the explorers moved through a level space, then descended 30 feet using a rope.

●

Equipment: The explorers used basic equipment such as a pole, rope, and a lantern

.

●

Focus on Features: The account focuses on the physical characteristics of the cave, describing it as containing a variety of formations in all shapes and colors

. The explorers noted the cave's pipe-like and mandril-like shapes, and the abundance of water in the cave.

●

Limited Scope: The Clover Creek cave exploration account is relatively short, focusing mainly on the initial stages of exploration

. The conclusion indicates plans to return for further exploration.

Mammoth Cave Exploration:

●

Exploration Team: The exploration of the Mammoth Cave involved a team including Dr. James Gay, John Beverage, James McCollum, and others

. Their purpose was recreational and exploratory, but their experience and local knowledge suggest a more detailed effort than the Clover Creek group.

●

Methods of Descent: The Mammoth Cave explorers used methods such as "an Indian ladder", which suggests a more substantial means of descent, as well as wading and climbing,

. They descended 50 feet using the ladder. This indicates a more technical approach to vertical descent than the Clover Creek exploration.

●

Equipment: The specific equipment used for the Mammoth Cave exploration isn't detailed, but the language suggests the use of ropes and potentially other caving-specific gear. The description of "wading" through underground streams also implies more careful planning and preparation than in the Clover Creek account

.

●

Focus on Features and Size: The description of the Mammoth Cave emphasizes its size and complexity

. The text details the main entrance, the ladder descent, the passage, the chamber and a second room, and the underground stream. The description also mentions a passage leading to a pool. The presence of an underground stream is a significant feature, not mentioned in the Clover Creek description.

●

Detailed Exploration: The Mammoth Cave exploration is depicted as more comprehensive, with an emphasis on mapping and describing the various parts of the cave, suggesting a more in depth and prolonged exploration

.

Comparison:

●

Scale and Detail: The Mammoth Cave exploration seems to have been more extensive and detailed than the Clover Creek cave exploration

. The Mammoth Cave account covers a wider range of features and includes a more detailed description of the cave's interior.

●

Equipment and Methods: The Clover Creek exploration relied on more basic equipment such as poles and ropes, while the Mammoth Cave explorers used "an Indian ladder," which implies more substantial equipment

. The Clover Creek exploration seems more improvised, while the Mammoth Cave expedition appears to have been more prepared.

●

Purpose: The Clover Creek exploration seems to be for a general survey and initial reconnaissance

. The Mammoth Cave exploration appears to have been more of an activity for recreation and further study of the caves of the region

.

●

Depth: The descriptions of the descents show that Mammoth Cave included a 50 foot descent via a ladder, whereas the Clover Creek descent was done in stages with a total of 48 feet (18 feet with a pole, and 30 feet with a rope).

In summary, the Clover Creek cave exploration was a smaller, less equipped expedition focused on basic mapping and identification of cave features. The Mammoth Cave exploration, on the other hand, seems to have been a more extensive expedition, using more substantial equipment, and achieving a more thorough understanding of the cave's layout, including its underground streams and various chambers. The methods used reflect the different purposes and levels of preparation of the two expeditions.

 

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

 

The sources provide information about a murder trial in Buckeye that had a controversial outcome. Here's an analysis of the factors contributing to the controversy:

• Insufficient Evidence: The primary reason for the controversial outcome of the Buckeye murder trial was the lack of sufficient evidence to secure a conviction. The prosecuting attorney, Mr. L.M. McClintic, stated that despite making every effort to find evidence, "more than the statements before the death of the murdered man" were not available. This suggests that the case was heavily reliant on the victim's statements, which may have been insufficient to stand alone as evidence.

• Reputable Citizen as Defendant: The defendant, Dick Rankin (also referred to as H. Harrison), was described as a "reputable citizen". The fact that a well-regarded member of the community was accused of the crime likely created a level of doubt among the citizens. This reputation may have influenced the jury's perception of the case.

• Conflicting Testimony: The sources note that there was some conflicting testimony, with "reputable citizens" from Davis, Tucker County, stating that the prisoner, Rankin, was working on the date of the murder and had no intent of committing the crime. This conflicting testimony from other reputable citizens may have further weakened the prosecution's case.

• Prosecutorial Discretion and the Decision to Drop Prosecution: Ultimately, the prosecuting attorney, with the consent of the judge, decided to enter a "nolle prosequi" in the case, which means he chose not to prosecute the case further. This decision was made because they believed that "any man could do no more under the circumstances". This indicates that the legal authorities also recognized the weakness of their case and decided that there was no reasonable chance of a conviction.

• Public Perception: The article indicates that the decision not to prosecute was controversial, but the prosecutor felt they made the right decision. The decision was justified by the prosecutor as upholding "the peace and dignity of our county". The prosecutor also noted that "it is not our belief that the party set free was the guilty man". This reveals an understanding that the public might question the outcome and a desire by the prosecution to show that they were doing the best they could, given the circumstances.

• No Witnesses: The sources indicate that the prosecution lacked available witnesses. They could not find evidence beyond the victim's own statements. This lack of direct evidence was a major problem for the prosecution.

In summary, the controversial outcome of the Buckeye murder trial was primarily due to a lack of sufficient evidence and conflicting testimonies, which led to the prosecuting attorney dropping the charges. The defendant's status as a "reputable citizen" also likely played a part, as did the lack of witnesses to corroborate the victim's statements. The decision to drop the case, while legally justifiable, was still controversial in the community.

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 Editor's Note:  The Williams River Gazette is a 2024  recreation of the editor's fevered imagination. It is a subset of the Saltshaker Press.  Take everything with a grain (grains) of salt.  You may want to dump the whole shaker in from time to time!

 View with caution!

Based on original sources.