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Jasper Yeates Doddridge served as the clerk of the Western District of Virginia.
Doddridge wrote the advertisement for the Chronicles of Border Warfare where he addressed the delay in the publication. He was hopeful that the book would make enough profit to cover the expenses he incurred in preparing it for publication. The table of contents for the Chronicles of Border Warfare lists many of the key events that occurred during the settlement of the area.
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The claims of England, France, and Spain to land bordering the Mississippi River were all based on exploration and settlement.
The English claim originated from the voyages of the Cabots who explored the eastern shore of the United States. The French based their claim on the exploration of the St. Lawrence River by Jacques Cartier. The Spanish based their claim on the discoveries of De Soto and Ferdinand.
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The physical characteristics of the various Native American tribes in North America were very similar.
The Osage tribe was considered somewhat taller than other tribes. Most Native Americans were straight and well proportioned, but their limbs appeared less muscular than those of the white settlers. When walking, a Native American would place one foot directly in front of the other in a straight line from heel to toe.
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John Lewis and John Salling were captured by the Cherokee and taken to the Ohio River.
They made a boat out of buffalo skins and were able to escape. While descending the Mississippi River, they were captured by the Spanish. Salling was eventually released and made his way back to his home.
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The Ohio Company attempted to erect a fort at the confluence of the Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers.
The fort was to be a stockade fort and was recommended by General Washington. A party of men accompanied by militia was sent to build the fort but were driven off by the French. The French built Fort du Quesne on the spot, which led to Braddock's War.
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Captain Paul received intelligence from an escapee that Decker's settlement had been destroyed.
Captain Paul sent a runner to Fort Pitt to inform Captain John Gibson about the event. Captain Gibson left the fort with thirty men to intercept the Native Americans on their way home. They marched to the Great Falls where they came upon a party of Native Americans, killing two and taking a prisoner.
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Two forts with ranging companies were taken and burned by Native Americans.
One of the forts, Seybert's Fort, was taken by surprise and thirty people were killed. James Dyer, a fourteen-year-old boy, was spared, taken to Lower Town, and then to Chillicothe. After spending a year and ten months in captivity, Dyer was able to escape while visiting Fort Pitt with an Indian party.
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Mrs. Renick and seven children, and a Mrs. Dennis were captured by Native Americans in 1757.
The Native Americans killed Mr. Renick and another settler during the capture. The group was taken to Jackson's River on their way to the Native American towns. The captivity of the Renick family occurred after the escape of Hannah Dennis.
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The French and Indian War ended with the Treaty of Paris, but the conflict with the Native Americans continued.
Many white settlers felt that the French were responsible for stirring up the Native Americans against them. The white settlers felt that the Native Americans were jealous and fearful of being removed from their lands. The author felt that these feelings of jealousy and fear were a better explanation for the ongoing conflict than the French stirring up animosity toward the settlers.
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Three trappers, Swope, Pitman, and Pack, were trapping on New River in October 1764 when they came upon the trail of a party of Delaware and Mingo warriors.
Swope and Pack went to warn the Roanoke and Catawba settlements, and Pitman went to warn the Jackson's River settlements. The Native Americans had already reached the Jackson's River and Catawba settlements by the time the trappers could get there. The measures taken by the colonies to defend themselves against the Native Americans were considered inadequate.
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The destruction caused by the Native Americans was evident wherever they went.
They burned houses, barns, and grain stacks and killed the stock. Three prisoners brought in by the last war party attempted to escape but were recaptured. The Native Americans began torturing the prisoners as soon as they were brought back.
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The garrison at Fort Pitt was saved through a clever plan.
After the peace treaty between England and France was signed, the war with the Native Americans continued. The Native Americans laid siege to the fort. Colonel James Smith noticed that the Native Americans were signaling each other with smoke and devised a counter-signaling plan that allowed the men to escape the fort undetected.
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The author believed that civil laws were necessary to maintain order and prevent people from infringing on the rights of others.
People require the oversight of civil power to keep them in line and prevent them from encroaching on the rights of others. Unrestrained freedom quickly dissolves into lawlessness. Without the restraints of law, people would revert to a state of nature where the concept of justice would be ignored.
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The murder of some Native Americans at Captina and Yellow Creek was not the catalyst for the subsequent war.
The author provided a different location for the murders at Yellow Creek than Thomas Jefferson did in his Notes on Virginia. Jefferson stated that the murders occurred at Grave Creek, while the author stated that they occurred at Captina, a creek sixteen miles below Wheeling on the Ohio side of the river. Settlers moving into Native American lands caused the war of 1774.
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Redstone and Fort Pitt were the main departure points for settlers moving into Kentucky.
The Native Americans considered Northwestern Virginia as the source of these settlers and focused their attacks in the region. The war, which lasted until the treaty of Fort Greenville in 1796, was a result of the expansion of white settlements. The Virginia troops that served in the Canadian War were promised land bounties in the West.
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Colonel Ebenezer Zane stated that the events at Captina and Yellow Creek occurred in late April, with Captina happening first.
John Sappington, a member of the party at Yellow Creek, stated the event occurred on May 24th and that the murders at Captina occurred later. During a hostage negotiation, the Native Americans requested permission to send one hostage to gather the other chiefs needed for the peace agreement. The hostage did not return and a second hostage was sent who also did not return, leading Colonel McDonald to believe that the Native Americans were engaging in treachery.
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Hellen and Robinson were returning from a hunting trip when they were ambushed by Native Americans.
Their companion, Brown, was killed instantly. Hellen was captured, but Robinson was able to run some distance before he was captured after running into a tree. The Native Americans took Hellen's horse with them when they returned to their towns.
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Two boys, Lewis and Jacob, were captured by Native Americans who planned to kill the oldest one.
Lewis was shot in the chest, but they were both captured and taken to McMahon's Creek where they were not tied up for the night. Lewis woke his brother, and they were able to escape from the encampment. They returned home following the same trail they had taken while being led away as prisoners.
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The Virginia troops were ordered by Lord Dunmore to march to the Shawanee towns and link up with his forces.
The troops received these orders on October 9, 1774, and began preparing to move across the Ohio River. The troops were under the command of General Lewis. General Lewis sent runners to locate Lord Dunmore.
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Two soldiers left camp on October 10th to hunt deer.
They came across a large group of Native Americans and one was killed. The other soldier returned to camp unharmed and reported what he saw. Colonels Charles Lewis and William Fleming were ordered out to engage the enemy.
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The Virginia forces, under the command of Colonel Field, rallied after being initially pushed back by the Native Americans.
The fighting continued all day with heavy losses on both sides. The Native Americans formed a line across the point from the Ohio to the Kenhawa Rivers, which gave them a tactical advantage. A strategic maneuver by the Virginia troops turned the tide of the battle.
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Shelby, Campbell, Matthews, Fleming, and Moore all distinguished themselves during the fighting and went on to further success in their military careers.
After burying the dead and caring for the wounded, General Lewis prepared to march to join forces with Lord Dunmore's division. General Lewis received orders to return to the mouth of the Big Kenhawa from Lord Dunmore while marching to the Salt Licks. General Lewis, suspecting Dunmore was acting in bad faith, disregarded his orders and continued marching until he reached Kilkenny Creek.
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General Lewis continued his march for several days after the battle, burying the dead, treating the wounded, gathering livestock, and building a storehouse and a small stockade fort.
On October 13th, messengers sent to inform Dunmore about the battle returned with orders for Lewis to march with all his troops against the Shawnee towns and notify Dunmore when he reached a point 25 miles from Chillicothe. Colonel Fleming, who had been wounded in the fighting, was left in charge of the men and defenses at Point Pleasant. Lewis set out on October 17th with 1150 men to march on the Shawnee towns.
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The author believed that the Battle of Point Pleasant was the first battle in the Revolutionary War.
The political climate in the colonies was deteriorating with many acts being considered by the British Parliament that threatened the colonists' liberties. Governor Dunmore dissolved the Virginia Assembly and Governor Gage denounced the committee of correspondence in Boston as traitors. The author believed that the actions of Lord Dunmore throughout the campaign demonstrated hostility toward the colonists and subservience to the British Crown.
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Cornstalk and seven other chiefs met with Lord Dunmore and listened to his recitation of the various injustices committed by the Native Americans.
Cornstalk's rebuttal to Lord Dunmore's accusations included his own accusations of wrongdoing by the white settlers. The sources do not include the text of Logan's famous speech but state it was delivered to John Gibson who wrote it down for Lord Dunmore. Thomas Jefferson later edited the text of Logan's speech.
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Major William Crawford led an attack against a Mingo village during the campaign of 1774.
Three hundred men left the main army and arrived at the village before daylight where they killed a man and a woman. They took 20 prisoners back to their camp. The village showed signs of being abandoned.
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The decisive victory at the Battle of Point Pleasant ensured a period of peace and security for the inhabitants of Northwestern Virginia.
The victory demonstrated to the Native Americans that they were unable to withstand the strength of the Virginia military. If the objectives of the campaign had been fully accomplished, it would have been many years before the Native Americans would have been able to launch another attack. The failure to fully accomplish the objectives of the campaign emboldened the Native Americans and left the settlers vulnerable to future attacks.
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The author did not mention the first legislative assembly in the Mississippi Valley.
Boone and Henderson arrived at Boonesborough in April 1775 to settle the area. The first legislative assembly met at Boonesborough on May 23, 1775. The assembly was made up of eighteen delegates representing four forts in the area.
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The attack on the settlers near Harrodsburg occurred on March 6th.
Black Fish led seventy Shawnee in an attack on a group of settlers who were out supplementing their supplies. William Ray was killed and Thomas Shores was taken prisoner. The Shawnee also attacked the fort at Harrodsburg but were unsuccessful in taking it.
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Mrs. Ann Logan, Mrs. Whitley, and a black woman were attacked by Native Americans while milking cows.
Only William Hudson, Burr Harrison, John Kennedy, and James Craig were present to protect the women. The women and Craig were able to escape unharmed. Kennedy was wounded but also escaped, Hudson was killed, and Harrison was wounded but rescued by Logan.
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Cornstalk was opposed to the Native Americans allying with the British in the coming conflict.
He attempted to persuade his people from rejoining the war with the white settlers. Cornstalk and his companions visited Fort Pleasant in 1777 where he informed Captain Matthew Arbuckle that the Shawnee were about to join the war against the colonists. Arbuckle detained Cornstalk and his companions as hostages in an attempt to maintain peace with the Native American tribes.
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General Hand sent a warning to David Shepherd that an attack on Wheeling was imminent in early August of 1777.
White Eyes informed the people at Fort Pitt that the Native Americans were planning to attack Wheeling. Shepherd assembled all the militia from the surrounding area at Fort Henry to prepare for the attack. The attack did not occur, and the militia was released from duty, leaving only two companies of men to defend the fort.
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The attack on Fort Henry was carried out by a force of between two and three hundred Native Americans.
The attack occurred on August 31st and the Native Americans were able to breach the outer defenses of the fort. A small group of men under Captain Mason attempted to engage the attackers but were cut down. Captain Mason and his sergeant were able to escape back to the fort after their detachment was decimated.
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Andrew Zane, John Boyd, Samuel Tomlinson, and a black man left the fort to hunt for horses.
The men were attacked by Native Americans and Boyd was killed. Zane was able to escape by jumping from a seventy-foot cliff, and the others also escaped. Colonel Zane led a group of men to Grave Creek to bury those who had fallen in the fighting.
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Neither Simon Girty nor his brother were present during the siege of Fort Henry.
Many of the heroic events recounted in the sources regarding the sieges of Fort Henry were inaccurate or misattributed. Captain William Foreman, Captain Ogle, and William Linn left Fort Henry on a scouting mission. They went to the Tomlinson settlement at Grave Creek, but it had been ransacked by Native Americans.
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The year 1777 was a bloody and eventful one for the settlers of Northwestern Virginia.
The murder of Cornstalk, the attack on Fort Henry, the loss of life in the subsequent fighting, and the ambush at the Grave Creek narrows were all significant events. The first attacks of 1778 occurred in the Greenbrier settlements where families gathered at Harbert's Block-house for safety. The settlers were attacked while outside playing with a crow.
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John Murphy was shot and killed when he went to the door to investigate the commotion.
Harbert grappled with the Native American who entered the house and threw him to the floor. While fighting with the Native American inside, Harbert was shot and killed. The Native American was able to escape but was severely wounded in the struggle.
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Donnelly's Fort was attacked by 150 Native Americans.
Captain Stuart and Colonel Samuel Lewis gathered men to go to the aid of the settlers at Donnelly's Fort. They gathered 66 men and marched to Donnelly's Fort, avoiding an ambush laid by the Native Americans. The Native Americans had set fire to Donnelly's house and tried to prevent the family from escaping.
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James Washburn, who had been captured earlier in the fighting, was severely beaten by the Native Americans.
His friend, Nathaniel Cochran, did not recognize him because he had been so badly beaten. Washburn was taken out in the morning to be tortured again. The Native Americans scalped Washburn and then decapitated him.
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Simon Girty led a band of seventeen Native Americans in an attack on Fort Pitt in January 1781.
The attack was repulsed but led to a larger attack in February. Captain Henry Bird led a group of 120 Native Americans, Simon Girty, and ten soldiers in the February attack. The attackers ambushed a group of soldiers guarding a wagon train outside the fort, killing most of them.
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Boonesborough was besieged by a force of between 330 and 444 Native Americans and between 8 and 12 Frenchmen.
The siege occurred on September 7, 1782. The force was led by Captain Isidore Chene, Black Fish, Moluntha, Black Hoof, and Black Beard. A young boy named Powell managed to escape from the attackers and warn the settlers at a nearby station.
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The Native Americans captured two boys, Benjamin and Isaac Brain.
The boy intentionally misled the Native Americans about the number of men and the proximity of the nearest fort. The Native Americans abandoned their attack after hearing the boy's deception. A large expedition was planned against the towns on the Wabash River in 1784.
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The British in Detroit conspired with the Native Americans to attack and destroy settlements in the western territories.
The severity of the winter delayed the attacks, but the Native Americans began their assault as soon as spring arrived. They were determined to eliminate the white settlers from the western lands. Fort McIntosh was built at the mouth of the Beaver River in 1778 as part of the defense against the Native Americans.
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The West family was attacked by Native Americans while traveling to Clarksburg.
Alexander West, Simon Schoolcraft, and John Cutright all fought with the Native Americans while defending the West family. Jackson, who was nearby hunting sheep, joined the fight and helped the others drive off the Native Americans. A group of fifteen men went to the site of the attack the next day and recovered stolen horses and plunder.
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John Cutright was wounded by a Native American who was hiding in a laurel thicket.
The Native Americans who attacked the West family continued raiding the area. The Drinnon and Smith families were attacked. Mrs. Smith, Mrs. Drinnon, and a child were captured by the Native Americans.
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Colonel Broadhead led an expedition against the Munsie towns in 1781.
He was unable to attack other towns because of excessive rain that flooded the river. Broadhead decided to destroy the crops around Coshocton to prevent the Native Americans from using them for food. This was seen as a better alternative to attacking the Native American towns.
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A group of settlers was attacked by Native Americans while traveling from the Valley River toward Cheat.
John Manear, Daniel Cameron, and Mr. Cooper were killed in the attack, but the others escaped. The Native Americans attacked and nearly destroyed the Leading Creek settlement. Colonel Wilson was unable to pursue the Native Americans because the men in his company were worried about their families.
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The Furrenash family was attacked after they left the fort and returned to their farm.
Mrs. Furrenash and her four children were taken prisoner. Because Mrs. Furrenash was unable to keep up with the Native Americans, they killed her on Hughes' River. Three of the four children were later ransomed and returned home, but the fourth was never heard from again.
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Captain Matthew Elliot assembled a war party of 250 Native Americans to attack Wheeling.
The group went to Gnadenhutten to talk with the Moravian teachers on August 1st, 1781. Zeisberger sent a message to Fort Pitt, warning them of the impending attack on Wheeling. The warning gave the settlers time to prepare for the attack, which they successfully repelled.
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The Native Americans returned to Gnadenhutten and sacked the town on September 2nd in retaliation for the warning message that had been sent to Fort Pitt.
The Moravian teachers and their converts were forced to flee the town on September 11th. The Moravians were taken prisoner by a group of white settlers while gathering corn in the abandoned fields near the Tuscarawas River. Brigadier General William Irvine released the Moravians and allowed them to return to their villages.
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The Moravian Indians were blamed for a series of attacks on white settlements.
The Monteur family was attacked the night after the Moravians were released from Fort Pitt. The Moravians were also blamed for an attack on the Buffalo Creek settlement in the fall of 1781. A captive who escaped claimed that the attack was led by a Moravian warrior.
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Colonel Williamson assembled a force of 150 men and marched to the Moravian towns on the Tuscarawas River in March 1782.
They arrived at the towns on March 7th and persuaded the inhabitants that they were there to protect them. The soldiers separated the men from the women and children and then proceeded to kill them. Ninety Moravian Indians were killed, and the settlement was destroyed.
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A young man named Slaughter was able to escape from captivity during the massacre of the Moravian Indians.
He was being led away by two Native Americans when he managed to free himself from his bonds. He ran toward the woods and the Native Americans were unable to recapture him. A Delaware chief named Pipe told Colonel Crawford that he was going to be burned to death.
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Colonel Crawford was tied to a post and burned to death.
The Native Americans tortured Crawford for hours before killing him. Captain Pipe gave a speech urging the Native Americans to kill Crawford. Crawford's ears were cut off and burning sticks were applied to his flesh by the men, while the women threw hot coals on him.
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Slover, another prisoner, witnessed the deaths of Colonel McClelland, Major Harrison, and John Crawford.
The governor of Detroit sent a message to the Native Americans telling them to stop taking prisoners. Two days after receiving the message from the governor, the Native Americans held a council where they decided to follow his advice. The Native Americans beat Slover and prepared to burn him at the stake, but a heavy rain put out the fire.
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William White was killed and scalped, and Timothy Dorman and his wife were captured by Native Americans in an attack near Buchannon Fort.
George Jackson attempted to get help from the fort but was unsuccessful. The Pindall, Washburn, Arnold, and Richards families were all attacked. Elias Bugbee fought valiantly against the Native Americans.
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A large council of Native Americans was held at Chillicothe in August of 1782.
They were concerned that the end of the war with Great Britain would leave them vulnerable to attack from the colonists. Simon Girty spoke at the council and encouraged the Native Americans to continue fighting. The council decided to continue the war against the white settlers.
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Caldwell retreated to Upper Sandusky after his defeat at the Battle of Blue Licks.
General George Rogers Clark led an expedition against the Shawnee in 1782 and destroyed several of their towns. Colonel Logan led 150 men in an attack on the British trading post at the head of the Miami and the carrying place to the Great Lakes. The Kentucky militia distinguished themselves during the expedition.
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The Native American force assembled to attack Northwestern Virginia was delayed because of a disagreement over what part of the country to attack.
A runner arrived with news of the success of the campaign in Kentucky, which helped to unify the Native American force. The Native American force marched toward Wheeling after deciding on their target. Jacob Miller, George Lefller, Peter Fullenwieder, Daniel Rice, and Jacob Lefller, Junior all defended Rice's Fort from a group of 100 Native American warriors.
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News that a peace treaty had been signed did not reach Fort Pitt until May 1783.
The Virginia Legislature passed a land grant bill in December 1783 that set aside land between the Scioto and Miami Rivers for the veterans of the war. The land grants led to conflicts with the Native Americans, who felt that they were being cheated out of their land. Governor Benjamin Harrison recommended postponing the surveys in November 1784, and his successor, Patrick Henry, issued a proclamation ordering all surveyors to stop working and leave the area in January 1785.
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Mrs. West, her son, and a black woman and her child were attacked by Native Americans.
Only Mrs. West and the boy survived the initial attack but were badly wounded. A man named Hughes arrived at the house after the attack and found the victims. Mr. Glass gathered a party of ten men to search for his wife and child who had been kidnapped by Native Americans.
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Major McGuire led the search party and they followed the trail of the Native Americans.
The men came upon the Native Americans while they were inspecting a red jacket and attacked. One of the Native Americans was wounded, but the party was forced to return home when Mrs. Glass told them that there was another encampment nearby. Mrs. Johnson and some children were captured by a band of five Native Americans in August.
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Mr. Johnson found the bodies of four of his children who had been murdered by the Native Americans.
The children had been tomahawked and scalped, and their bodies arranged in the shape of a cross. John Mack's family was killed in an attack on their home on Hacker's Creek. Mrs. Mack survived the initial attack but died a few days later after being taken to a neighbor's house.
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The Native Americans continued to attack settlers in Kentucky even after the war with Great Britain had ended.
The Native Americans were successful in attacking settlers and disrupting travel through the region. It is estimated that over 1,000 people were killed or taken captive by the Native Americans in the period between the end of the war with Great Britain in 1783 and the defeat of General Harmar in 1790. The Native Americans would often sue for peace and sign treaties but would break those treaties soon after the army left the area.
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The Wiley family was attacked and killed by Native Americans, and a young girl was taken prisoner.
Captain Whitley went in pursuit of the attackers with a force of 21 men. He was able to rescue the girl and recover the scalps of the Wiley family members who had been killed. Another group of settlers led by Mr. Moore was attacked, and nine were killed.
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Captain Whitley pursued the attackers with 30 men.
He caught up to the Native Americans and killed three of them, recovering eight scalps and stolen plunder. General Clark assembled a force of 1,000 men to attack Native American towns on the Wabash River, but was forced to turn back because of dissatisfaction and mutiny amongst his men. The deer population in the area increased greatly after the state implemented an open hunting season.
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A small group of Native Americans was encountered by the army, and they fled when attacked.
The militia disobeyed orders and pursued the fleeing Native Americans. The regulars, left alone, were attacked by the main force of the Native Americans and were defeated. General Harmar claimed victory in the battle, but the losses suffered by his troops demonstrate otherwise.
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General St. Clair reported that General Harmar had been completely successful in his campaign against the Native Americans.
He claimed that Harmar had destroyed five Native American towns and a large amount of their food supplies. He reported that around 200 Native Americans had been killed, but that the army had suffered considerable losses as well. Attacks on settlers in the region actually increased after Harmar's campaign.
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The American army was routed at the Battle of the Wabash on November 4, 1791.
General St. Clair ordered his troops to retreat but they were pursued by the Native Americans. Many troops were killed while attempting to flee. The remaining troops were able to escape and regroup at Fort Jefferson.
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A Mississauga chief who had served with the British in the previous war led the Native American force at the Battle of the Wabash.
The Native Americans claimed that they had killed 620 American soldiers, but it is likely the number was much lower. They also captured seven cannons, 200 oxen, and several horses but took no prisoners. Piomingo, a Chicasaw chief, killed a white soldier he encountered while marching to Fort Jefferson.
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General Scott described the battlefield as being littered with bones, muskets, and other debris.
His men buried 300 skulls while at the battlefield. General Scott led an expedition against the Native Americans in June 1791. General Wilkinson led another expedition against the Native Americans in August 1791.
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A scouting party led by Simon Kenton was attacked by Native Americans on the Little Kanawha River in 1792.
Kenton and his men pursued the Native Americans across the Ohio River and recovered the horses that had been stolen. They decided to keep the horses as plunder rather than returning them to their owners. John and Henry Johnson were captured by Native Americans.
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The brothers were taken to a Native American camp and fed roasted meat and parched corn.
At night, they were forced to sleep between two Native Americans. The boys were able to escape while their captors slept. They were pursued but managed to evade their captors and returned home safely.
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A party of white men was pursuing a group of Native Americans who had stolen horses.
They split into two groups and planned to attack the Native Americans at their camp in the morning. The lieutenant in charge of one of the parties decided to withdraw his men when he realized that the Native American force was larger than anticipated. One man in the lieutenant's party was left behind and captured by the Native Americans.
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Joseph Cox was captured by Native Americans in March 1794 while traveling to the mouth of Leading
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