Coding Process (Systematic Coding): Systematic coding in discourse analysis involves methodically categorizing and organizing data from texts (spoken, written, or multimodal) to identify patterns, themes, or structures within the discourse.21 Key steps include:
Data Familiarization: The researcher must become deeply familiar with the data by reading or listening to it multiple times to grasp the overall context, content, and nuances.21
Generating Initial Codes (Open Coding): Small units of text (words, phrases, sentences) that appear significant or relevant to the research question are assigned labels or codes. This is often a data-driven process where codes emerge from the data, focusing on thematic content, discursive strategies (e.g., framing, positioning, metaphor use), or rhetorical devices.21
Reviewing and Refining Codes: Initial codes are reviewed for overlap, consistency, and relevance. Redundant codes may be merged, and unclear codes refined or discarded to ensure a clear and comprehensive coding system.21
Organizing Codes into Categories (Axial Coding): Codes are organized into broader categories or themes, exploring relationships between them. This helps to connect different parts of the discourse and understand how they interact, potentially identifying central phenomena and their connections to causes, consequences, or conditions.21
Identifying Core Themes (Selective Coding): The most central and significant categories or themes that explain overarching patterns in the discourse are identified. This phase refines the analysis by selecting key discursive strategies or patterns that are most important for answering the research questions and understanding how language constructs social realities or challenges power relations.21 Software like MAXQDA can facilitate this process by assisting with data import, coding (identifying themes, arguments, language strategies), creating a codebook for consistency, and visualizing data to reveal patterns and relationships.22
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