Hazards of Core Drilling

 

Based on the provided sources, core drilling immediately adjacent to an active or closing sanitary landfill—such as the site proposed for the Pocahontas County transfer station—presents several severe environmental and engineering hazards:

• Puncturing Existing Liners: There is a significant risk that the core drill could accidentally pierce the landfill's protective liners. Puncturing a liner compromises the facility's containment system, which could allow toxic leachate to escape into the surrounding soil and groundwater.
• Hitting Methane Pockets: Landfills generate explosive gases as waste decomposes. Core drilling near active or legacy cells carries the hazard of accidentally puncturing a trapped methane pocket.
• Interfering with Environmental Infrastructure: Drilling operations risk damaging or interfering with the strict groundwater monitoring systems and infrastructure mandated by the West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection (WV DEP).
• Encountering "Legacy Fill": Because the drilling is happening right next to the current landfill shop, engineers must be cautious of drilling into "legacy fill"—uncompacted trash or loose soil from decades-old landfill operations. If a heavy industrial facility, such as a transfer station with a massive concrete tipping floor, is built on this unstable fill, it is a recipe for structural collapse.

Due to these severe hazards, state environmental regulators like the WV DEP may require strict oversight during any core drilling operations near an active landfill to ensure these disasters are prevented.

Another Option: A Long Shot?

 

The Pocahontas County Solid Waste Authority (SWA) actually explored this exact option beginning in 2017, when they initiated negotiations to purchase 25 acres of adjacent land from a local landowner named Jody Fertig.

The benefits of acquiring this adjacent parcel were significant:

• Decades of Extended Capacity: Engineering assessments determined that 10 acres of the tract were suitable for constructing new landfill cells, which would have extended the landfill’s operational lifespan by approximately 50 years.
• Cost-Effective Infrastructure: Expanding at this contiguous site would have allowed the SWA to manage runoff using a cost-effective, gravity-fed system connected directly to the existing leachate treatment plant.

Despite these clear benefits, the expansion effort ultimately failed due to a protracted legal and negotiation impasse. Following Jody Fertig's death in October 2017, negotiations with his heirs—specifically his daughter, Renee Hill—became bogged down over the scope of the property and specific deed terms. The family sought "side agreements" that would have required the SWA to purchase liability insurance for a public access road and provide them with permanent easements and water rights.

By December 2025, the SWA reached a breaking point, issuing an ultimatum that they would only purchase the land if all side agreements were removed from the deed and handled in separate contracts. The heirs ultimately declined to sell, and the SWA publicly stated that it lacked the ability or desire to use eminent domain to seize the property. This decision, combined with rising post-COVID construction costs, effectively closed the only viable path for expanding the current landfill site.

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Consider yet another option:  What if there was another landowner  besides the current landowner and immediately near to the current site of the landfill who might sell enough land to expand the landfill.  Research this option and analyze the benefits of expanding the current landfill. 

While the sources note that the current Dunmore landfill property is "surrounded by private parcels and agricultural land", there are no records in the provided materials indicating that the SWA pursued or identified another willing seller adjacent to the site after the Fertig family negotiations collapsed.

However, analyzing this hypothetical option reveals several significant benefits to expanding the current landfill if adjacent land could be acquired:

• Leveraging Existing Infrastructure: The greatest advantage of contiguous expansion is the ability to utilize the site's existing leachate collection and treatment facility, which is a massive capital asset. Building adjacent cells would allow the SWA to manage runoff using a highly cost-effective, gravity-fed system connected directly to this existing plant.
• Avoiding "Greenfield" Costs: Building a new landfill at a completely different location would require over $10 million, including upwards of $2 million just to build a new leachate treatment plant. Expansion avoids duplicating these massive foundational costs.
• Decades of Extended Capacity: As engineering models for the failed 10-acre Fertig expansion demonstrated, securing suitable adjacent land could extend the landfill's operational lifespan by approximately 50 years.
• Logistical Autonomy and Affordability: Maintaining an active local landfill would save the county from the severe costs of transitioning to a transfer station model, which involves paying expensive out-of-county hauling and tipping fees to places like Greenbrier or Tucker counties. It would also allow the county to maintain its own schedule rather than conforming to the limited weekend hours of regional landfills, and it would prevent the need for restrictive "Flow Control" mandates and drastic rate hikes on residents.

The Limitations of Expansion Even if another adjacent landowner were willing to sell, the county would still face severe, potentially insurmountable hurdles to expanding the landfill:

• Prohibitive Cell Construction Costs: State and federal laws require modern landfill cells to use petroleum-based composite liners to protect groundwater. The physical construction of these new Subtitle D cells costs approximately $2 million per acre. Because Pocahontas County only generates about 8,000 tons of waste annually, it lacks the "financial density" to pay off this construction without exorbitantly raising resident fees.
• The 2,000-Foot School Setback: Expanding the landfill's footprint risks encroaching even closer to Pocahontas County High School. The current facility boundaries already sit in a "compliance gap" approximately 1,000 to 1,500 feet from the school's portable classrooms and main building, making it highly vulnerable to legal challenges under the 2,000-foot institutional exclusionary zone mandated by state rules.
• Topographical and Karst Hazards: State rules prohibit solid waste facilities on land with slopes exceeding a 6 percent grade. While the current active cells are on flat terrain, the surrounding acreage contains steeper slopes that are ineligible for construction. Furthermore, the area is characterized by karst topography (limestone with sinkholes), creating severe environmental risks and strict legal liabilities regarding rapid groundwater contamination.

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 Consider another yet another option:  What if there was another landowner outside the exclusionary school zone in addition to the someone other than the current landowner and immediately near to the current site of the landfill who might sell enough land to expand the landfill.  Research this option and analyze the benefits of expanding the current landfill. 

If the Solid Waste Authority (SWA) could identify a willing landowner who is "immediately near" the current Dunmore landfill, but situated just far enough away to successfully clear the 2,000-foot exclusionary zone around Pocahontas County High School, this hypothetical scenario would offer a mix of significant infrastructural benefits, though it would still face severe financial and geological constraints.

Because the current 40-acre landfill parcel sits approximately 1,000 to 1,500 feet from the high school, this new parcel would need to be located further outward (such as further south or east) to legally escape the school's statutory buffer.

The Benefits of this Proximity Expansion If such a legally compliant, adjacent parcel could be acquired, the benefits of expanding the landfill would be substantial:

• Salvaging the Leachate Infrastructure: The most significant advantage of staying "immediately near" the current site is the potential to utilize the existing leachate collection and treatment facility, which is a massive capital asset. Building a new landfill at a completely different location would require over $2 million just to construct a new leachate treatment plant. An adjacent expansion might allow the SWA to pipe runoff directly to the existing plant, saving millions in duplicate infrastructure.
• Preserving Local Autonomy: Extending the landfill's capacity for decades would eliminate the need to transition to a transfer station model. This means the county would not have to pay expensive, fluctuating out-of-county hauling and tipping fees to places like Greenbrier or Tucker counties.
• Avoiding "Flow Control" and Rate Shock: By avoiding the $4.12 million JacMal transfer station lease, the SWA would not be forced to implement restrictive "Flow Control" monopolies or drastically hike the annual "Green Box" fees up to $310 to cover the new debt.

The Persistent Limitations (Why Expansion Remains Highly Problematic) Even if this new parcel safely avoided the 2,000-foot school setback, expanding the landfill in the Dunmore area still faces hurdles that are likely insurmountable for the county:

• The Karst Topography Hazard: The Dunmore region and the headwaters of the Greenbrier River are heavily characterized by karst topography (limestone with sinkholes and underground caverns). West Virginia solid waste rules (33CSR1 and 33CSR3) prohibit siting a facility on land where runoff drains into a sinkhole. Because groundwater in karst regions moves rapidly through underground "conduits," building new landfill cells here carries a strict liability risk for catastrophic groundwater contamination, making it a legal minefield for environmental permitting.
• The "Financial Density" Problem: Regardless of the land's cost, state and federal regulations require new Subtitle D landfill cells to be built with expensive petroleum-based composite liners. The physical construction of these new cells costs approximately $2 million per acre. Because Pocahontas County only generates a low volume of about 8,000 tons of waste per year, it mathematically lacks the revenue base to pay off this multi-million dollar construction debt without exorbitantly raising resident fees anyway.
• Topographical Restrictions: State rules prohibit building solid waste facilities on land where the topography exceeds a 6 percent grade. While the currently active landfill cells sit on relatively flat terrain, the surrounding acreage contains steeper slopes that are ineligible for new cell construction.

 

Between a rock and a hard place?

 

 List 50 statements of facts and law regarding the Pocahontas County, West Virginia Solid Waste Crisis. Include legal , ethical, and fiscal questions.

Here are 50 statements of facts and law, including legal, ethical, and fiscal questions, regarding the Pocahontas County Solid Waste Crisis based on the provided sources:

Background and the Crisis

1. The Pocahontas County Landfill is currently projected to reach its absolute terminal capacity and close between October and December 2026.
2. The county generates a low volume of municipal solid waste, averaging approximately 8,000 tons annually.
3. Constructing a new landfill cell or facility would require over $10 million over 15 years, a capital cost the county's low waste volume cannot financially sustain.
4. To ensure continued waste disposal, the Pocahontas County Solid Waste Authority (PCSWA) determined it must transition from an active landfill model to a transfer station model.
5. Upon the landfill's closure, the PCSWA is legally mandated to maintain a 30-year post-closure monitoring and leachate management program, an unfunded liability estimated at $75,000 annually.
6. Nearly 60% of Pocahontas County’s total land area is held by federal and state governments (such as the Monongahela National Forest), limiting the taxable property base and restricting areas suitable for industrial waste development.
7. Due to low population density and rugged terrain, the county has historically relied on an unmanned "Green Box" collection system rather than door-to-door hauling.

The JacMal "Option 4" Agreement 

8. The PCSWA approved "Option #4," a public-private partnership with JacMal Properties LLC (owned by Jacob Meck) to build a transfer station adjacent to the existing landfill.

 9. The Option 4 agreement establishes a 15-year triple net lease obligating the PCSWA to pay a fixed monthly rate of $16,759 to JacMal.

 10. The lease includes a mandatory final buyout provision forcing the PCSWA to purchase the facility for $1,103,495.24 at the end of the 15-year term.

 11. The aggregate financial commitment for local taxpayers under the JacMal Letter of Intent (LOI) exceeds $4.12 million. 

12. The LOI features an "exclusivity clause" that explicitly prohibits the PCSWA from discussing or soliciting alternative waste infrastructure offers. 

13. The LOI imposes a $200,000 penalty payment on the PCSWA if the project is not built, functioning as a liquidated damages clause. 

14. The agreement shifts the risk to the public by requiring the PCSWA to be responsible for intentional or accidental damage to the transfer station structure or trash crane.

Constitutional, Statutory, and Procurement Law 

15. Article X, Section 8 of the West Virginia Constitution prohibits local governments from creating multi-year debt exceeding specific thresholds without a 60% voter approval. 

16. Under the West Virginia Supreme Court’s "Spelsberg Standard," a multi-year financial obligation by a public entity is unconstitutional unless it includes a "non-appropriation clause" granting the absolute right to cancel the contract at the end of any fiscal year.

 17. The JacMal LOI lacks a non-appropriation clause and includes a mandatory final purchase, legally functioning as an unconstitutional creation of "present indebtedness". 

18. The West Virginia Fairness in Competitive Bidding Act (W. Va. Code § 5-22-1) mandates that public construction contracts exceeding $50,000 be awarded through competitive bidding to the lowest qualified responsible bidder. 

19. The PCSWA selected JacMal LLC to build the multi-million-dollar transfer station without utilizing a competitive bidding or Request for Proposals (RFP) process.

 20. West Virginia public contract law (W. Va. Code § 5A-3-62) requires a 30-day "cancellation for convenience" clause, which is entirely absent from the JacMal 15-year LOI.

 21. W. Va. Code § 7-3-3 mandates that the disposal of county property generally be conducted via public auction or competitive bidding, barring specific exemptions. 

22. The PCSWA planned to transfer public land to the Greenbrier Valley Economic Development Corporation (GVEDC) as a "pass-through" entity to bypass the strict public auction requirements of § 7-3-3. 

23. Using a "straw-man" ownership strategy (where a public entity holds land title purely to shield a private developer’s profit-generating asset from property taxes) violates the anti-evasion clauses of W. Va. Code § 11-3-9(b). 

24. Entering into a non-competitive, third-party lease-to-own agreement directly jeopardizes $1.9 million in state grant funding the PCSWA holds in escrow, as state rules prohibit passing such grants to a private owner.

Regulatory and Siting Compliance 

25. West Virginia Code § 24-2-1c requires that any commercial solid waste facility must obtain a Certificate of Need (CON) from the Public Service Commission (PSC) before construction or expansion can begin.

 26. The PSC is mandated to deny a CON if the proposed facility is not reasonably cost-effective or is inconsistent with the local SWA siting plan. 

27. Under WV Legislative Rules 33CSR1 and 33CSR3, solid waste facilities are prohibited from being located within 2,000 feet of public schools, healthcare facilities, and churches without a discretionary waiver from the WVDEP Secretary.

 28. The proposed JacMal transfer station at the Dunmore landfill property is situated in an exclusionary zone potentially less than 2,000 feet from Pocahontas County High School.

 29. A secondary transfer station site proposed by Jacob Meck in Green Bank is situated just 776 feet from the Community Care medical clinic and Green Bank Senior Citizens Center.

 30. State regulations require solid waste facilities to maintain a strict 300-foot hydrological buffer from perennial streams, ponds, and wetlands.

 31. Siting waste infrastructure on karst topography (limestone with sinkholes) presents severe groundwater contamination risks, triggering strict liability and enhanced environmental monitoring under WVDEP rules. 

32. West Virginia Code § 22-15-13 requires that any investigation into siting a new commercial solid waste facility must publish a Class II legal advertisement and file a topographic map with the WVDEP.

Fiscal Realities and "Flow Control" 

 33. To secure revenue for the $16,759 monthly JacMal lease, the PCSWA drafted "Flow Control" regulations mandating that all municipal solid waste generated within the county must be exclusively processed through the new transfer station. 

34. The PSC typically requires a 15-year lease agreement of this magnitude to include a monthly escrow deposit (projected at roughly $4,500) to ensure final buyout funds are available. 

35. Implementing Flow Control strips northern Pocahontas County towns, like Durbin, of their ability to use closer, cheaper out-of-county landfills, artificially increasing their hauling costs. 

36. To cover its ballooning debt, the PCSWA projected increasing the annual residential "Green Box" fee from $120/$135 to as high as $310 per year. 

37. The SWA considered expanding this waste fee to every deeded land parcel in the county, including 1,738 farms and 4,671 unimproved lots that generate no municipal solid waste. 

38. Assessing a flat fee on vacant parcels without rendering a direct service transforms the "fee" into an unconstitutional ad valorem property tax under West Virginia law.

 39. W. Va. Code § 22C-4-10 caps the civil penalty for unpaid solid waste fees at $150 per year, but the PCSWA improperly drafted local regulations attempting to inflate this to a ruinous $150 per day. 

40. State law (W. Va. Code § 22-15-7) mandates that active landfills provide one "free day" per month for residential waste disposal, but transfer stations are administratively exempt from this mandate.

 41. The PCSWA voted to eliminate the landfill's monthly "free day" effective July 1, 2026, removing the only legal, no-cost disposal pathway for financially distressed residents.

Transparency, Ethics, and Protest

  42. The West Virginia Open Governmental Proceedings Act (OGMA) requires agencies to conduct public business openly, strictly limiting executive sessions to narrow topics such as internal property acquisition strategies.

 43. The PCSWA allegedly violated the OGMA by allowing private contractors (Jacob and Malinda Meck) to sit in on the executive session where their own multi-million dollar contract was being negotiated. 

44. The West Virginia Ethics Act strictly prohibits public officials from having a pecuniary interest in public contracts over which they exercise influence or control.

 45. Residents have actively protested the PCSWA’s transition plan, citing the lack of competitive bidding, the creation of a private monopoly, unconstitutional debt, and severe economic burdens placed on a county where nearly 23% of residents live below the poverty line.

Legal, Ethical, and Fiscal Questions 

46. Legal Question: Does the PCSWA's 15-year lease-to-own agreement with JacMal LLC violate Article X, Section 8 of the West Virginia Constitution by creating a mandatory $4.1 million debt without a non-appropriation clause or public vote? 

47. Legal Question: Can the WVDEP legally issue a facility permit for the Dunmore transfer station if it sits within the 2,000-foot exclusionary zone of Pocahontas County High School without the SWA obtaining a formal public nuisance waiver?

 48. Ethical Question: Does the inclusion of private developers in an executive session to negotiate their own public infrastructure contract, while excluding other elected officials and the public, constitute a breach of the West Virginia Open Governmental Proceedings Act? 

49. Ethical Question: Is it an abdication of fiduciary duty for a public waste authority to sign an "exclusivity clause" that legally bars it from seeking competitive, cheaper bids from other regional haulers? 

50. Fiscal Question: If the PCSWA enforces "Flow Control" and raises Green Box fees to $310 annually, will the resulting financial burden on fixed-income residents lead to mass non-payment, administrative collapse, and a surge in environmentally destructive "midnight dumping"?

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 Create a proposal to resolve this crisis.

 Here is a comprehensive proposal to resolve the Pocahontas County Solid Waste Crisis. This strategy, known as the "East Fork Pivot," abandons the legally flawed and financially devastating "Option 4" agreement in favor of a publicly-owned, competitively bid transfer station that protects both the fiscal and environmental health of the county.

Pillar 1: Safe and Legally Compliant Siting The current proposals to build at the Dunmore landfill or the Green Bank Meck property introduce severe public health and legal hazards due to their proximity to Pocahontas County High School, the Community Care medical clinic, and the Green Bank Senior Center.

• Relocate to the East Fork Industrial Park: The county should relocate the proposed transfer station to Frank, WV. This site features historical industrial use and is located several miles from the nearest school, safely avoiding the strict 2,000-foot institutional exclusionary zone mandated by West Virginia solid waste and composting rules (33CSR3 Section 3.2.a.5).
• Conduct Necessary Surveys: To ensure full regulatory compliance, the site must undergo rigorous topographical and hydrological surveys to guarantee a 300-foot buffer from the East Fork of the Greenbrier River and a 500-foot setback from residential dwellings.

Pillar 2: Restoring Procurement and Constitutional Integrity The current 15-year, $4.12 million lease-to-own Letter of Intent (LOI) with JacMal Properties LLC breaches state procurement mandates and violates Article X, Section 8 of the West Virginia Constitution by locking taxpayers into mandatory debt without an annual non-appropriation clause. Proceeding with this private monopoly directly jeopardizes $1.9 million in state grant funding currently held in escrow.

• Void the Unconstitutional Contract: The Pocahontas County Solid Waste Authority (PCSWA) must immediately abandon the JacMal LOI.
• Initiate Competitive Bidding: The PCSWA should engage an independent criteria developer to issue a competitive Request for Proposals (RFP) for a publicly owned "truck-to-truck" transfer station. Opening the contract to regional competitors unlocks true market pricing, protects the escrowed state grants, and explores integrated "zonal hauling" options.

Pillar 3: Engineering Financial Affordability The PCSWA's current model relies entirely on a flat-rate surge that would hike the residential "Green Box" fee from $120 to an unaffordable $310+ annually, economically devastating the county's elderly and fixed-income households.

• Divert PILT Funds: The County Commission must formally dedicate 20% (approximately $200,000) of its annual federal Payment in Lieu of Taxes (PILT) directly to the SWA capital improvement fund to subsidize residential rates.
• Implement Tiered Fees: Using the PILT subsidy, the SWA can freeze the fee at $135 for seniors and low-income residents, set a moderate $185 tier for standard households, and shift higher proportional costs to commercial resort entities like Snowshoe.
• Leverage Grants and Loans: The county should fund the $575,000 truck-to-truck station by applying for the USDA Rural Development Water and Waste Disposal Grant (which covers up to 75% of costs) and utilizing a 1% low-interest loan from the WV Solid Waste Management Board (SWMB).
• Offload Post-Closure Liability: To secure long-term fiscal health, the PCSWA must aggressively integrate the closing Dunmore landfill into the WVDEP’s Landfill Closure Assistance Program (LCAP), effectively shifting the $75,000 annual 30-year groundwater monitoring liability from the county budget to the state.

Pillar 4: Preventing Illegal Dumping and Enhancing Logistical Efficiency Forcing all county waste to travel to a single central transfer station generates unnecessary heavy-truck emissions and fuel waste for peripheral towns, while unaffordable fees incentivize illegal "midnight dumping".

• Maintain the "Free Day": By keeping fees affordable and maintaining the monthly free disposal day for bulky household items, the county removes the financial incentive for illegal dumping, thereby protecting the karst topography and the headwaters of the Cheat, Elk, Greenbrier, and Gauley rivers.
• Grant a Geographic Exemption: Northern towns like Durbin should be granted an exemption from "Flow Control" mandates, allowing them to haul their trash directly to the closer Dailey facility in Randolph County for a small administrative fee. This vastly improves regional logistical efficiency and protects the local tourism economy from heavy truck traffic.

 

 

Notable Families

 

Family Name	Patriarch/Progenitor	Primary Settlement Location	Notable Descendants	Occupations/Civil Roles	Military Service/Affiliations	Historical Impact or Legacy	Source
Arbogast	Adam Arbogast	Arbovale; Greenbrier River and Deer Creek flats	A. Arbogast, James C. Arbogast, C.P. Arbogast, Evelyn S. Arbogast	Postmaster (community namesake), farmers, landholders	Captain James C. Arbogast (Confederate, 31st Virginia Infantry, Co. G); presence of guerrilla activity during Civil War	Gave name to Arbovale; namesake of Arbovale Post Office; involved in major land title wars (1897); holders of large agricultural tracts	[1-4]
Baxter	John William Baxter	Little Levels District; Edray District; Little Back Creek	Colonel John Morgan Baxter, William Baxter, Sr., Joseph M. Baxter, George Baxter, Pearl S. Buck	Colonel Commandant of Militia, original Justice (1822), Member of VA House of Delegates, County Surveyor, educator, county schoolmaster	Colonel Commandant (John Morgan); Joseph M. Baxter (Union, Kanawha Valley); George Baxter (Confederate, died as POW at Elmira)	Helped found Pocahontas County (1821); amassed the county's largest library; primary agents of governance and education; intermarried with Moores and Poages	[5, 6]
Hamilton	Andrew Hamilton, Sr. (Immigrant); Major William J. Hamilton (Frontier)	Muddy Creek (Blue Sulphur Springs area) and Back Creek	Major William J. Hamilton, John Hamilton, Davis Hamilton, Adam G. Hamilton, Thomas Bird Hamilton	High Sheriff, land scouts, militia leaders, agricultural innovators, hotel/saloon operator, attorney	Battle of Point Pleasant (1774), Defense of Fort Donnally (1778), Captain of Indian Spies, 25th Virginia Infantry (Confederate)	Major Hamilton planted the first corn crop in the county; developed 'Hamilton Hill' in Marlinton; original owners of the farm where Robert E. Lee's horse Traveller was foaled	[7]
Ervine / Irvine	Edward Ervine	Back Creek (at the mouth of the Long Draft) and Green Bank District	Benjamin Franklin Ervine, Edward Harris Irvine Sr., L.S. Ervine, Dolan Irvine, Alfred C. and Louise M. Ervine	Magistrate (Edward Ervine), educator, silversmith, County Commissioner, landowners	Confederate Army (Benjamin Franklin Ervine), 27th Virginia Infantry 'Shriver Greys' (Edward Ervin), 'Revolutionary sire' ancestry	Edward Ervine was a founding member of the first County Court in 1821; family defined early legal and administrative norms; long-term leadership spanning to 21st century	[8, 9]
Herold	Christopher Herold (German origin)	Dougharts Creek (Douthard’s Creek); Elk River headwaters	Henry Herold, Christopher Herold, Jr., Andrew Herold, Winston Herold	Dominant economic force on Dougharts Creek; milling operations (sawmills and grist mills), builders	Displaced/suffered losses during the Civil War	Accumulated immense landed estates; Winston Herold built the Allegheny Lodge (1915); legacy tied to the timber and resort eras of Minnehaha Springs	[6]
Jackson	John Jackson and Elizabeth Cummins	Jackson River Settlements and Buckhannon	George Jackson, Edward Jackson, William Lowther 'Mudwall' Jackson, Jacob Beeson Jackson, Ryan Jackson	Governor of West Virginia, U.S. Congressmen, U.S. District Court Judge, Circuit Judge, Assistant Prosecutor	Brigadier General in Confederate Cavalry (William Lowther Jackson), Virginia Militia, units in Jones-Imboden Raid	Architectural pillar of the trans-Allegheny region; deep geographic connection through the naming of the Jackson River; pioneers in railroads, timbering, and banking	[10]
Taylor	William Taylor / Oldham Taylor	Dunmore, Green Bank Area; Hillsboro, Mill Point; Swago	Daniel Taylor, J. Alfred Taylor, William Taylor (Mayor of Lewisburg), Rachel Taylor	Ferry operators, farmers, Speaker of WV House, U.S. House of Reps, Mayor, feed dealer	Daniel Taylor (Dunmore's War/Revolution); 31st Virginia Infantry members; WWI Veterans	Transformed 'wilderness paradise' into structured society; leading voice in Democratic Party (J. Alfred); active in modern sustainable agriculture	[3]
Bennett	Joseph Bennett (c. 1740–1810)	Green Bank and Huntersville Districts	Patrick Henry Bennett (1877–1945), Peter Bennett (1856–1919), Jonathan M. Bennett	Literate and valued education, agriculture, Auditor of Virginia (Jonathan M. Bennett)	Progenitor's father served with General Braddock; descendants divided in Civil War (18th and 19th VA Cavalries or Union sympathies)	Helped define the region's genealogy through intermarriage with families like the Arbogasts and Mullenaxes; part of the agricultural fabric of northern Pocahontas	[11]
Burr	Frederick Burr and Sarah Tribbett	Burr Valley (now Watoga State Park)	John Burr, William Burr, Henry Silas Burr, Paul Burr	Millers, farmers, woodsmen, and teachers	Confederate service: Frederick, George, and William Burr (Co. I, 25th VA Infantry); J. Austin Burr (Co. A, 14th VA Cavalry)	Established community infrastructure through milling (John Burr rebuilt water-powered mill in 1830); historical naming of Burr Valley and Burr Cemetery	[12]
Kinnison	Charles, Jacob, and James Kinnison	Little Levels	Amos Kinnison, John Barlow Kinnison, Davis Kinnison, Doctor Morgan Kinnison	Woodworkers, blacksmiths, magistrates, physicians, Indian Spies	Dunmore's War, Revolutionary War (Jacob Kinnison), Civil War (K. Davis Kinnison, William Kinnison, John Ariel Kinnison)	Naming of Kennison Mountain; construction of defensive structures and original cabins in the Little Levels	[13]
Sharp	William Sharp Sr.	Frost vicinity, Douthards Creek, Edray District, and Brown's Mountain	William Sharp Jr., Ellen Sharp, Fred Sharp, Susan Sharp	Agriculture, pioneer farmers	Marched in communal units during the Civil War alongside the Ervines	Formed a social and political bloc through intermarriage with the Ervine and Burr families; Fred Sharp is the subject of the Marlinton Post Office mural	[8, 12, 14, 15]
Wilfong	George Michael Wilfong and Elizabeth	South Fork Valley (and Pendleton County)	Major George Wilfong, John Wilfong, Vardry Pinkney Wilfong	Soldiers, landowners, surveyors, sheriffs, school superintendents	Revolutionary War (Major George Wilfong - 2nd Rowan County Regiment, John Wilfong)	Stewardship of land near Simpson Bridge; founding the free school system in Catawba region; participants in the Battle of Kings Mountain	[16]
Gibson	David Gibson the Pioneer	Gibson's Knob (near Hillsboro) and Elk River	David Gibson Jr., Dr. David Gibson, Colonel James Gibson, Forest Gibson	Farmers, physicians, surgeons, distinguished military leaders	Confederate Army (Colonel James Gibson - 20th Virginia Cavalry), Union Army (relative branches)	Founding of Mary's Chapel; establishing a major religious and social center on the Upper Elk River	[17]
Schoolcraft	James Schoolcraft (formerly Calcraft)	Huntersville; Buckeye; Knapps Creek	John Schoolcraft Jr., Edward Johnson Schoolcraft, Todd Schoolcraft, James Schoolcraft (Buckeye)	Indian Spies, farmers, landscape architect (Todd Schoolcraft)	Revolutionary War Spies (John Jr.); Lord Dunmore's War (John, James, Matthias); Militia service	Survived the 1779 Fink's Run Massacre; modern legacy in Marlinton infrastructure (Discovery Junction); hybrid British/Palatine heritage	[18]
Ewing	James Ewing	Knapps Creek (formerly Ewing's Creek); Swago Run; Williams River headwaters	William 'Swago Bill' Ewing	Pioneer settlers, land speculators	William Ewing (Revolutionary War Veteran)	William was the first white child born in the county (1756); namesake of the Williams River	[19]
Alderman	Ezekiel Alderman Sr.	Douthards Creek and Minnehaha Springs	Timothy Alderman, Daniel Alderman, Solomon Alderman, Lessie Alderman	Agriculture, craftsmanship, woodworking, smithing, hospitality waystation providers	Ezekiel Alderman Jr. served in War of 1812; family navigated Civil War partitions	Pioneer generation in the Allegheny Mountains; established the 'Home Place' near limestone springs; descendants integrated into the Richwood timber boomtown	[14]
Burgess	John Burgess, Senior	Little Levels	Nancy Burgess Mayse, Nathan Burgess, David M. Burgess, William Downey Burgess	Weavers, gunsmiths, blacksmiths, delegate to the 1872 WV Constitutional Convention, magistrates	War of 1812 (William Young), Civil War (Captain William Mayse, Cornelius Burgess, James Burgess)	Participants in the 1872 West Virginia Constitutional Convention; transitioning from artisanal labor to state-wide leadership	[20]
Sheets	John Sheets	Green Bank and Arbovale	Jacob Sheets, Henry E. Sheets, Jacob Asbury Sheets, Bob Sheets	Gunsmiths, farmers, educators, historical preservationists	Virginia Militia, Civil War gunsmith mobilization (Jacob Sheets), modern military service (Lewis Wayne Sheets)	Preservation of Fort Warwick; conversion of flintlock rifles for Civil War defense; leadership in local cemetery associations	[21]
Moore	Moses Moore (hunter and scout)	Greenbrier River (above Marlinton)	Aaron Moore, Catherine Jane Moore, John Moore, James Moore, Samuel Moore, Thomas Moore, Henry Moore, William D. Moore, George C. Moore, Eliza Moore, Melinda Moore	Rail splitters, farmers, and timber family connections	Not in source	Cleared more than a thousand acres of wilderness land; established a vast kinship network connecting early families like Baxter and McNeill	[12]
Stulting	Cornelius Stulting ('Mynheer')	Dutch Bottom (Williams River); Hillsboro (Little Levels)	Pearl S. Buck (Great-granddaughter)	Religious refugees/community leaders, farmers	Not in source	Established a Dutch utopian enclave in 1847; built the historic twelve-room Stulting house in Hillsboro	[19]
Beard	John Beard (Settler); Josiah Beard (Pocahontas Progenitor)	Beard Heights and Locust Creek	Josiah Beard, James Henry Moffet Beard	First Clerk of Pocahontas County, land management	Not in source	Josiah Beard established family tradition of civil service; built the Richard Beard House (1890); Beard Heights now serves as the county's healthcare center	[15]
Hull	Not in source	Arbovale; Deer Creek valley; Gum's Mountain	J.R. Hull, Felix H. Hull	Agricultural backbone, supporters of local academies, timber rights litigants	Captain Felix H. Hull (Confederate, 31st VA Infantry, Co. E)	Instrumental in defining property lines of Green Bank District; often disputed timber rights during 1890s boom	[1-3]
Yeager	Not in source	Green Bank District; Traveler's Repose (Bartow)	John Yeager	Massive landholders, political and business power, surveyor (John Yeager)	Traveler's Repose served as a Civil War site	Managed famous Traveler's Repose stagecoach stop; utilized intermarriage strategy to maintain land bloc; central to 1897 timber land disputes	[1, 2]
McLaughlin	Not in source	Deer Creek hollows; High ground around Arbovale	David McLaughlin	Defensive farmers, social leadership in churches, SWA Board Member (modern)	Not in source	Known for longevity on the land (150+ years); lived in tight 'census clusters' to share labor/equipment	[1, 2, 22]
Daugherty / Douthard	Michael Daugherty (Ireland origin)	Dougharts Creek valley; Minnehaha Springs	Not in source	Pioneer settlers, land patent holders	Not in source	Namesake of Dougharts Creek (Douthat/Douthard Creek); among the first permanent settlers with VA patents	[6]
Hammons	Not in source	Williams River (mouth of Little Laurel Creek)	Edden Hammons, Burl Hammons, Maggie Hammons Parker	Fiddlers, banjo players, carriers of archaic Appalachian oral tradition	Not in source	Primary subjects of ethnographic study (Library of Congress); preserved unique musical styles and folklore of the wilderness	[19]
Meck	Not in source	Green Bank/Arbovale corridor	Jacob Meck, Malinda Meck	Private developers, owners of JacMal Properties LLC and Allegheny Disposal	Not in source	Involved in industrial/storage land expansions and the 2026 solid waste transfer station development	[4, 23, 24]
Cutlip	David Cutlip (the Gottlieb ancestor)	Little Levels	Henry Cutlip, George William Cutlip, Johnsey Remus Cutlip, Lola Cutlip	Farmers (yeomanry), laborers, miners	Union Army (William Cutlip), Confederate Army (Jackson Cutlip, Henry T. Cutlip, Benjamin Cutlip)	Stewardship of the Little Levels; preservation of traditional music and dance in West Virginia	[25]
Adkisson	Daniel Adkisson	Spruce Flats and Swago (headwaters)	Abel Adkisson	Subsistence and small-scale farming	Not in source	Among the first white pioneers of Scotch-Irish descent to establish an agricultural footprint on high-altitude meadows	[26]
Burns	John M. "Jack" Burns	Green Bank	Mary Alice Burns	Craftsman, businessman, principal developer of property commercial utility	Not in source	Established a woodworking shop and foundational infrastructure for the Green Bank Storage units	[4]
Slaven	Not in source	Marlinton area	Not in source	Operators of Slaven's Tin Shop	Not in source	Historic fixtures in Marlinton contributing to early 20th-century character; property became part of modern waste management infrastructure